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Dual-pathway model for fluid secretion in intestine and sites of antisecretory action for CaSR. Secretagogues such as cholera toxin (CTX) and forskolin induce diarrhea through direct epithelial cell generation of cyclic nucleotides and indirectly via stimulation of ENS to release secretagogues such as vasoactive peptide. The CaSR is expressed in both cell types and upon its activation can inhibit both secretory pathways.
