Table 1.

Summary of pharmacological properties of β₂AR ligands

Ligand	Chemical structure	G protein activation (cAMP accumulation)	β-arrestin recruitment	ERK1/2 activation
Isoproterenol		++++	+++	++++
THRX-144877		++++	++++	++++
Salbutamol		+++	++	+++
Salmeterol		+++	++	+++
Propranolol		–	0	+
Pindolol		+	+	++
Carazolol		–	0	+
ICI-118551		–	0	–
Carvedilol		–	+	+

Qualitative functional properties of ligands expressed relative to maximal stimulations (++++). Quantitative data, estimation of ligand efficacy and further description can be found in Supplementry Table 2.