Table 1.
Prevalence of ASDs and case subgroups by child and family characteristics, with characteristics of the source population
| Prevalence per 1,000 for case groups | Main source population (n = 633,989) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All ASD (n = 3,315) | ADa (n = 1,310) | ASD-NOSa (n = 375) | ASD with IDb (n = 584) | ASD without IDb (n = 754) | n | Percent by characteristic | Percent smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||
| Overall | 5.2 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.9 | |||||||||||
| Exposure | ||||||||||||||||
| Smoking in pregnancy | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 4.4 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 83,883 | 13 | |||||||||
| No | 5.3 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 550,106 | 87 | |||||||||
| Child Characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Female | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 309,861 | 49 | 13 | ||||||||
| Male | 8.2 | 7.0 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 324,128 | 51 | 13 | ||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5.8 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 385,493 | 61 | 16 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 4.5 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 186,113 | 29 | 10 | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 45,541 | 7 | 4 | ||||||||
| Other | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 16,842 | 3 | 4 | ||||||||
| Family and county characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Maternal education | ||||||||||||||||
| < High school | 3.1 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 117,300 | 19 | 26 | ||||||||
| High school degree | 4.4 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 204,026 | 32 | 18 | ||||||||
| Some college | 6.0 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 139,069 | 22 | 10 | ||||||||
| College degree | 6.8 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 173,594 | 27 | 2 | ||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| 10–19 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 81,090 | 13 | 16 | ||||||||
| 20–24 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 147,507 | 23 | 17 | ||||||||
| 25–29 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 173,152 | 27 | 12 | ||||||||
| 30–34 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 154,651 | 24 | 11 | ||||||||
| 35–39 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 66,354 | 10 | 11 | ||||||||
| 40–53 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 11,235 | 2 | 10 | ||||||||
| Married | ||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 5.9 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 417,082 | 66 | 10 | ||||||||
| No | 3.9 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 216,907 | 34 | 20 | ||||||||
| County population size | ||||||||||||||||
| > 1,000,000 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.8 | NI | NI | 52,236 | 8 | 8 | ||||||||
| 500,000 – 1,000,000 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 216,687 | 34 | 11 | ||||||||
| 250,000 – 500,000 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 160,247 | 25 | 12 | ||||||||
| 100,000 – 250,000 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 131,894 | 21 | 16 | ||||||||
| < 100,000 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 72,925 | 12 | 24 | ||||||||
| Study design characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
| Birth/surveillance year | ||||||||||||||||
| 1992/2000 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 65,899 | 10 | 15 | ||||||||
| 1994/2002 | 4.5 | NI | NI | 2.0 | 2.6 | 231,544 | 37 | 16 | ||||||||
| 1996/2004 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 120,301 | 19 | 12 | ||||||||
| 1998/2006 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 216,245 | 34 | 11 | ||||||||
| Site | ||||||||||||||||
| AL | 4.3 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 45,851 | 7 | 11 | ||||||||
| AR | 5.0 | NI | NI | 2.0 | 2.9 | 34,311 | 5 | 20 | ||||||||
| FL | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.7 | NI | NI | 31,511 | 5 | 2 | ||||||||
| GA | 5.3 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 159,493 | 25 | 7 | ||||||||
| MD | 5.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | NI | NI | 70,698 | 12 | 13 | ||||||||
| MO | 6.8 | 7.3 | 2.5 | NI | NI | 84,359 | 13 | 16 | ||||||||
| NC | 6.0 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 59,005 | 9 | 16 | ||||||||
| NJ | 7.9 | 4.8 | 3.6 | NI | NI | 14,291 | 2 | 7 | ||||||||
| PA | 4.5 | 3.5 | 0.9 | NI | NI | 20,725 | 3 | 16 | ||||||||
| WI | 4.7 | 4.1 | 1.2 | NI | NI | 70,912 | 11 | 17 | ||||||||
| WV | 4.3 | NI | NI | NI | NI | 42,833 | 7 | 27 | ||||||||
| Abbreviations: AD, autistic disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorders; ASD-NOS, autistic spectrum disorder–not otherwise specified; ASD with ID, autism spectrum disorder with co-occurring intellectual disability; ASD without ID, autism spectrum disorder without co-occurring intellectual disability; NI, not included. aAD and ASD-NOS subgroups refer to subgroups determined by ADDM clinicians. Subsets of ADDM data had available information on ADDM-determined AD and ASD-NOS. bAnother data subset had at least 80% complete data on co-occurring ID. | ||||||||||||||||