Table 5.
Dietary intake of selected nutrients, food groups and eating quality by the level of reporting bias and accuracy (adjusted for age, education and energy intake for continuous variables)
| Variable | Levels of reporting bias | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LER1 | TER2 | HER3 | ||||
| UE4 N=44 |
UR5 N=84 |
CR6 N=53 |
IR7 N=79 |
OE8 N=8 |
OR9 N=28 |
|
| % energy from protein*# | 15.9 (3.4) | 14.4 (3.2) | 14.0 (3.0) | 13.5 (2.8) | 12.8 (2.2) | 14.1 (3.2) |
| % energy from carbohydrates | 51.7 (9.1) | 53.1 (8.6) | 52.3 (8.0) | 54.0 (8.3) | 51.8 (5.5) | 51.5 (9.4) |
| % energy from fat | 32.5 (7.2) | 32.6 (8.0) | 35.0 (7.1) | 33.6 (7.5) | 39.9 (4.7) | 38.2 (8.4) |
| Daily servings of vegetables, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.5 | 2.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.0 (2.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.3) |
| Daily servings of fruit, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.791.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.1) | 8.4 (4.4) | 9.4 (3.7) |
| Daily servings of grains, mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.8) | 4.8 (2.2) | 6.8 (2.8) | 7.0 (2.6) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.7) |
| Daily servings of meat/protein, mean (SD)*# | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.96) | 2.0 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.7) |
| Daily servings of milk, yogurt and cheese, mean (SD) | 0.86 (0.88) | 0.98 (0.94) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.0) |
| Daily servings of fats, oils, sweets and sodas, mean (SD)***# | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.3(1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.7) | 2.0 91.2) | 1.4 (1.0) |
| Healthy Eating Index score, mean (SD)*# | 68.3 (14.1) | 66.4 (13.4) | 68.3 (11.4) | 68.7 (13.4) | 58.3 (10.4) | 64.1 (17.0) |
| Appetite and restraint score, mean (SD) | 9.1 (5.5) | 9.6 (4.9) | 8.3 (5.0) | 7.9 (5.5) | 6.0 | 7.1 |
| Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability score, mean (SD) | 23.6 (4.6) | 24.5 (4.5) | 24.4 (3.7) | 23.9 (3.9) | 24.5 (3.9) | 24.1 (4.6) |
| Good appetite (self rated), % | 35 (79.5) | 73 (86.9) | 42 (79.2) | 62 (78.5) | 4 (50) | 25 (89.3) |
| Better appetite (self rated), % | 5 (11.4) | 12 (14.5) | 9 (17.3) | 7 (8.9) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (21.4) |
#
P value between LER, TER and HER <0.05
Post-Hoc results; Protein % 1#4, Daily servings of meat/protein 1#5, 1#6, 2#3, 2#4, 2#5, 2#6
*
P between the 6 groups
*
P-value<0.05
**
P-value <0.01
***
P<0.001
1
LER: low energy reporters
2
TER: “true” energy reporters
3
HER: high energy reporters
4
UE: undereaters
5
UR: underreporters
6
CR: correct reporters
7
IR: incorrect reporters
8
OE: overeaters
9
OR: overreporters