Table 3.
Hierarchical linear models predicting parent involvement (i.e., the proportion of the session with parent-directed strategies)
| Predictor variable | Regression coefficient (standard error) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Child functioning at entry model (n = 1,098 for level 1; n = 191 for level 2; n = 82 for level 3) | ||
| Female child | −0.093 (0.045) | 0.041 |
| Eyberg child behavior inventory | 0.009 (0.004) | 0.031 |
| Primary diagnosis (reference group = DBD) | ||
| ADHD | −0.025 (0.046) | 0.579 |
| Mood | −0.034 (0.062) | 0.578 |
| Anxiety | −0.070 (0.055) | 0.206 |
| Other | 0.045 (0.069) | 0.521 |
| Comorbid diagnoses | −0.040 (0.038) | 0.296 |
| Parent Functioning at entry model (n = 858 for level 1; n = 164 for level 2; n = 61 for level 3) | ||
| Female child | −0.122 (0.052) | 0.020 |
| Center for epidemiological studies-depression | 0.005 (0.003) | 0.109 |
| Brief symptom inventory | −0.078 (0.048) | 0.106 |
| Family functioning at entry model (n = 1,098 for level 1; n = 191 for level 2; n = 82 for level 3) | ||
| Female child | −0.095 (0.044) | 0.034 |
| Family relationship inventory | −0.002 (0.004) | 0.732 |
| Caregiver strain questionnaire | ||
| Objective | 0.010 (0.023) | 0.683 |
| Internalizing | 0.051 (0.024) | 0.031 |
| Externalizing | −0.047 (0.026) | 0.070 |
| Life Events questionnaire | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.172 |
| Therapist experience model (n = 1,098 for level 1; n = 191 for level 2; n = 82 for level 3) | ||
| Female child | −0.096 (0.042) | 0.023 |
| Months in practice | 0.014 (0.007) | 0.043 |
| Licensurea | 0.031 (0.051) | 0.542 |
| Therapist background model (n = 1,098 for level 1; n = 191 for level 2; n = 82 for level 3) | ||
| Female child | −0.089 (0.044) | 0.042 |
| Discipline (reference group = MFT) | ||
| Psychology | 0.085 (0.062) | 0.173 |
| Social work | 0.030 (0.040) | 0.464 |
| Orientation (reference group = CBT) | ||
| Family systems | 0.024 (0.053) | 0.648 |
| Psychodynamic/humanistic | −0.075 (0.068) | 0.277 |
| Eclectic/other | 0.060 (.049) | 0.227 |
Robust standard error solution is reported, which controls for non-normality in the variables. Session is level one, child/caregiver is level two, and therapist is level three. Regression coefficients reported are unstandardized. HS High School, DBD Disruptive Behavior Disorders (Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder), ADHD Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, MFT Marriage and Family Therapy, CBT Cognitive/Behavioral or Behavioral. Sample sizes differ based on missing data due to participants not completing all measures or some measures being added after the start of the study.
0 = Unlicensed; 1 = Licensed