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Schematic diagram showing the proposed relationship between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines production in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic nephropathy. ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; NFκB: nuclear transcription factor-κ; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CAMs: cellular adhesion molecules; NO: nitric oxide; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; CRP: C-reactive protein
