| Personalized concept | Standard paradigm | |
| S | Set of complementary models (including spontaneous and non-SPF ones) → Multilevel models | Unilateral models |
| S | Stratification (representatives from sensitive, resistant, and intermediate clusters are used to generate stratified sampling) | Randomization |
| S | Subgrouping approach to analyze data | Averaging |
| S | Stages of testing → both direct and long-term effects are studied in vivo during consecutive steps | Study of direct drug effect |
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