Table 3.

The influence on substance use of value-added education and pupils' perceptions of school life.^a

	Smoking		Drinking		Drugs
	S2	S4	S2	S4	S2	S4
Individual Adjusted model
School-level variance	0.086	0	0.019	0.028	0.055	0.016
Model VA
School-level variance	0.070	0	0.015	0.028	0.052	0.016
Value-added
OR (CI 95%)	1.28 (1.02–1.61)	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	1.11 (0.97–1.28)	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	1.14 (0.93–1.39)	1.02 (0.90–1.17)
p	0.034	0.049	0.135	0.403	0.197	0.717
Model VA + PP
School-level variance	0.052	0	0.008	0.021	0.052	0.020
Value-added
OR (CI 95%)	1.36 (1.08–1.70)	1.20 (1.05–1.36)	1.14 (0.99–1.30)	0.96 (0.84–1.11)	1.20 (0.98–1.47)	1.06 (0.91–1.20)
p	0.008	0.006	0.065	0.601	0.085	0.542
Poorer environment
OR (CI 95%)	1.11 (0.89–1.39)	1.09 (0.93–1.27)	1.25 (1.08–1.45)	1.08 (0.94–1.24)	1.12 (0.93–1.35)	1.01 (0.88–1.16)
p	0.342	0.291	0.003	0.287	0.233	0.909
Lower Involvement
OR (CI 95%)	0.96 (0.77–1.20)	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	0.95 (0.80–1.12)	0.97 (0.80–1.17)	0.92 (0.78–1.09)
p	0.714	0.517	0.344	0.531	0.758	0.338
Disengagement
OR (CI 95%)	1.77 (1.41–2.23)	1.82 (1.52–2.17)	1.58 (1.35–1.85)	1.46 (1.24–1.70)	1.90 (1.55–2.31)	1.58 (1.35–1.85)
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Poorer T/P relations
OR (CI 95%)	1.60 (1.30–1.96)	1.40 (1.20–1.65)	1.35 (1.16–1.57)	1.36 (1.17–1.59)	1.33 (1.11–1.60)	1.52 (1.31–1.77)
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	<0.001

^aOdds Ratios (95% confidence intervals) for 1SD increase in value-added scores.