Table 5.

The influence on substance use of value-added education, pupils' perceptions and school-level measures.^a

	Smoking		Drinking		Drugs
	S2	S4	S2	S4	S2	S4
Model VA
School-level variance	0.070	0	0.015	0.028	0.052	0.016
Value-added
OR (CI 95%)	1.28 (1.02–1.61)	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	1.11 (0.97–1.28)	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	1.14 (0.93–1.39)	1.02 (0.90–1.17)
p	0.034	0.049	0.135	0.403	0.197	0.717
Full model
School-level variance	0.003	0	0.008	0.012	0.034	0.020
Value-added
OR (CI 95%)	1.39 (1.13–1.70)	1.20 (1.05–1.37)	1.12 (0.97–1.29)	0.98 (0.85–1.12)	1.24 (1.01–1.51)	1.06 (0.92–1.24)
p	0.002	0.008	0.117	0.724	0.038	0.411
Poorer environment
OR (CI 95%)	1.08 (0.87–1.35)	1.09 (0.93–1.28)	1.25 (1.08–1.45)	1.10 (0.96–1.27)	1.01 (0.91–1.33)	1.01 (0.87–1.16)
p	0.480	0.303	0.003	0.169	0.324	0.933
Lower Involvement
OR (CI 95%)	0.95 (0.76–1.18)	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.93 (0.80–1.08)	0.95 (0.80–1.12)	0.97 (0.80–1.17)	0.92 (0.77–1.09)
p	0.636	0.500	0.356	0.533	0.733	0.319
Disengagement
OR (CI 95%)	1.74 (1.39–2.18)	1.82 (1.52–2.17)	1.58 (1.35–1.85)	1.47 (1.26–1.72)	1.87 (1.53–2.28)	1.59 (1.36–1.86)
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Poorer T/P relations
OR (CI 95%)	1.60 (1.31–1.96)	1.40 (1.20–1.65)	1.35 (1.16–1.57)	1.36 (1.17–1.59)	1.34 (1.12–1.61)	1.52 (1.31–1.77)
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002	<0.001
Larger School roll
OR (CI 95%)	1.18 (1.00–1.40)	1.02 (0.92–1.13)	1.04 (0.93–1.16)	1.11 (1.00–1.23)	1.14 (0.97–1.33)	1.02 (0.91–1.13)
p	0.054	0.700	0.479	0.044	0.105	0.779
Non-denominational school
OR (CI 95%)	1.24 (0.33–4.70)	1.01 (0.45–2.29)	0.98 (0.40–2.37)	1.77 (0.83–3.79)	2.46 (0.66–9.18)	1.35 (0.60–3.03)
p	0.754	0.975	0.956	0.145	0.182	0.468
Poorer aggregated school-level school ethos
OR (CI 95%)	2.50 (0.75–8.39)	1.04 (0.53–2.05)	0.84 (0.36–1.93)	0.66 (0.34–1.31)	2.15 (0.66–6.96)	1.13 (0.54–2.36)
p	0.137	0.903	0.679	0.235	0.201	0.722

^aOdds ratios [95% confidence intervals] for 1SD increase in value-added scores.