Table 1.

The pharmacological effects of Pimpinella anisum.

System	Effect	Preparation	Reference
Organism	Antibacterial	Aqueous and 50% (v/v) methanol extract	[18]
		Ethanol extract	[8, 19]
		Essential oil and methanol extract (in combination with Thymus vulgaris)	[20]
		Aqueous decoction	[21]
	Antifungal	Essential oil	[3, 22]
		Fluid extract	[23]
		Methanol extract	[24]
	Insecticidal	Essential oil	[25–29]
		p-Anisaldehyde from aniseed oil	[29]
	Antiviral	Essential oil	[30]
		Lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from hot water extract	[31]
Muscle	Muscle relaxant of tracheal chain	Aqueous extract	[32]
		Ethanolic extract	[32]
		Essential oil
	Antispasmodic and relaxant of anococcygeus smooth muscle	Hydroalcoholic extract (60% ethanol)	[33]
		Essential oil	[34]
	Anticonvulsant	Methanol extract of seeds	[35]
		Aqueous extract of leaves and stem	[36]
nervous system		extract	[37]
	Analgesic	Essential oil	[38]
		Fixed oil	[39]
	Conditioned place aversion in morphine dependence	Essential oil	[40]
	Antiulcer	Aqueous suspension	[41]
	Palliation of nausea	Essential oils of aniseeds, foeniculum vulgar, Anthemis nobilis, and Mentha piperita	[42]
Gastrointestinal	Laxative	Phytotherapic compound of anise and foeniculum vulgar, Sambucus nigra, Cassia angustifolia	[43]
	Increase glucose absorption from the jejunum	Essential oil	[44]
Renal	reduce volume of urine by increase activity of the renal Na+-K+-ATPase	Essential oil	[44]
Endocrine	Antidiabetic	Seed powder	[45, 46]
	Hypolipidemic
Immune system	Antioxidant	Ethanol extract	[8, 45, 47]
		Water extract	[8, 47]
		Essential oil	[48]
		Oleoresin	[48]
		Ethyl acetate fraction ofethanol extract	[49]
		Anise tea	[50]
	Increase of β-carotene, vitamins A, C	Seed powder	[46]
	Reduction of menopausal hot flashes	Capsules of anise extract	[51]
Others	Growth promoter of day-old broilers	Essential oil	[52]
	Reduction of pain in dysmenorrhea	Herbal capsule (extracts of anise, celery, saffron)	[53]