Table.

Treatment and prophylaxis of Ebola haemorrhagic fever

	Success in animals	Issues and concerns
Treatment approach
Antibody therapy	Efficacy in rodents but not in non-human primates	Escape mutants; genetic variability; antibody-dependent enhancement of infection
Antisense oligonucleotides
Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates (latter prophylactic only)	Genetic variation; delivery
Small interfering RNAs	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates	Genetic variation; delivery
Inflammatory modulators
Type I interferons	Efficacy in rodents but not in non-human primates	Manipulation of immune system
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors	Efficacy in rodents but not in non-human primates	Manipulation of immune system
Coagulation modulators
Heparin sulfate	Efficacy in humans questionable; not tested in animals	Manipulation of coagulation
Tissue factor pathway inhibitors	Not tested in rodents; partial protection in non-human primates	Manipulation of coagulation
Activated protein C	Not tested in rodents; partial protection in non-human primates	Manipulation of coagulation
Vaccination approach
Postexposure vaccination
Vesicular stomatitis virus	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates	Efficacy dependent on filovirus species and time of treatment start
Pre-exposure vaccination
Adenovirus type 5	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates; one dose; clinical trials	Pre-existing immunity; high dose
Human parainfluenza virus type 3	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates; two doses needed for non-human primates	Pre-existing immunity; safety (replication-competent)
Vesicular stomatitis virus	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates; one dose	Safety (replication-competent)
Virus-like particles	Efficacy in rodents and non-human primates; three doses needed for non-human primates	Boost immunisation needed; production
Recombinant Ebola virus without VP35	Efficacy in rodents	Safety

Only approaches that have shown in-vivo efficacy have been listed.