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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2012 Aug;117(2):353–364. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825b6c91

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) simulation showing the relative contribution of S-ketmaine and S-norketamine to measured effect. A and C. Simulated pharmacokinetic (A) and pharmacodynamic data (C) assuming placebo pretreatment. B and D. Simulated pharmacokinetic (B) and pharmacodynamic data (D) assuming rifampicin pretreatment. VAS = visual analogue score.