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. 2012 Jul 27;3:262. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00262

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Copyright © Kaneko-Ishino and Ishino.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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Endogenous retrovirus, LTR retrotransposon and their domesticated genes. Top: an endogenous retrovirus, HERV-W, and SYNCYTIN 1. SYNCYTIN 1 retains LTRs at both ends and the Env gene, while the Gag and Pol genes do not support ORFs corresponding functional proteins because of stop mutations. Bottom: an LTR retrotransposon, sushi-ichi, and the domesticated PEG10 and PEG11/RTL1 genes. Both PEG10 and PEG11/RTL1 have lost LTRs while entire regions exhibit significant homologies to the Gag and Pol genes remaining in some of the retrotransposon domains. The -1 frameshift mechanism is conserved in PEG10. LTR, long terminal repeat; Gag, group-specific antigen; Pol, polymerase; Env, envelope; CCHC, RNA-binding motif; DSG, protease active site; YYDD, reverse transcriptase; DAS, RNase highly conserved motif; HHCC, integrase DNA binding motif; DDE, strongly conserved integrase.