Table 2.

Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for demographic, risk and protective factors for gang affiliation (N=4131)

Variable	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Demographic factors
Age†
12–13 years	Referent
14–15 years	0.89 (0.59 to 1.34)
16 years or older	0.45 (0.29 to 0.71)
Sex
Female	Referent
Male	1.35 (1.00 to 1.82)
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	Referent
African American, non-Hispanic	2.37 (1.51 to 3.70)
Hispanic	1.45 (1.09 to 1.91)
Others, non-Hispanic	1.79 (1.14 to 2.80)
Potential risk factors
Depressed mood
No	Referent
Yes	1.20 (0.87 to 1.65)
Suicidal ideation
No	Referent
Yes	1.39 (0.93 to 2.08)
Alcohol use
Never	Referent
Once a year to once a month	1.15 (0.80 to 1.64)
2–3 days a month	1.48 (1.04 to 2.13)
1–2 days a week or more	2.62 (1.85 to 3.72)
Drug use
Never	Referent
Once a year to once a month	1.57 (0.98 to 2.51)
2–3 days a month	1.67 (0.94 to 2.97)
1–2 days a week or more	1.95 (1.15 to 3.29)
Delinquency
Never	Referent
1–3 times	2.07 (1.18 to 3.64)
4–9 times	3.36 (1.88 to 6.02)
10 or more times	5.10 (3.20 to 8.11)
Peer victimisation
No	Referent
Yes	1.07 (0.81 to 1.41)
Potential protective factors
Coping skills
Low level of confidence	Referent
Moderate level of confidence	0.54 (0.42 to 0.71)
High level of confidence	0.30 (0.19 to 0.47)
Peer support
No	Referent
Yes	1.03 (0.75 to 1.40)
Parental positive reinforcement
No	Referent
Yes	1.08 (0.87 to 1.34)
Parental monitoring
Low level	Referent
Moderate level	0.67 (0.54 to 0.85)
High level	0.61 (0.43 to 0.86)
Family support
No	Referent
Yes	0.82 (0.57 to 1.17)
Adult support at school
No	Referent
Yes	0.74 (0.40 to 1.37)
School connectedness
No	Referent
Yes	1.15 (0.91 to 1.46)

The model was adjusted for all demographic factors, potential risk factors and potential protective factors.

^†The missing response category was added to the referent group for all variables.