Table 4.
Differences in Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors by Age, Sex, and Migration Status in Carriacou and Petite Martinique, Grenada, 2005-2007
| Characteristic/Lifestyle Factors | Migration Category | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| No Migrationa | Migration ≤ 10 yb | Migration > 10 yc | P Valued | |||||
|
| ||||||||
| Men (n = 185) | Women (n = 370) | Men (n = 430) | Women (n = 579) | Men (n = 171) | Women (n = 248) | Men | Women | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 38.1 (14.7) | 40.2 (16.2) | 43.7 (15.1) | 45.7 (17.3) | 61.4 (14.3) | 64.2 (14.1) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Lifestyle risk factors | ||||||||
| Eats fish ≥twice/wk, % | 84 | 71 | 82 | 78 | 78 | 79 | .44 | .05 |
| Eats red meat ≥twice/wk, % | 14.8 | 14.6 | 19 | 13.9 | 20.1 | 13.2 | .38 | .66 |
| Eats chicken/duck ≥twice/wk, % | 65.8 | 78.2 | 69.7 | 69.7 | 61 | 56.2 | .13 | <.001 |
| Eats fried foods other than fried meat/fish ≥ twice/wk, % | 22.6 | 22.3 | 19.9 | 12.7 | 6.5 | 4.5 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Eats carbohydrate-rich foods ≥twice/wk, % | 61 | 61 | 61.8 | 61.8 | 59.1 | 59.1 | .61 | .88 |
| Eats fried meat/fishe, % | 79 | 73 | 73 | 69 | 67 | 55 | .05 | <.001 |
| No. fruit servings/wk | 8 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 11.2 | .01 | <.001 |
| No. vegetable servings/wk | 6.4 | 6 | 5.4 | 6 | 5.2 | 7.6 | .57 | <.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 27.3 | 4.9 | 22.5 | 7.1 | 24.3 | 5.3 | .84 | .82 |
| Drinks alcoholf, % | 7.1 | 1.9 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 17.1 | 6.9 | .001 | .007 |
| Has access to a vegetable garden, % | 60.4 | 53.2 | 60.2 | 59.6 | 58.3 | 53.3 | .67 | .53 |
| Walks or bikes continuously >10 min/day, % | 72.8 | 76.8 | 73.7 | 78.8 | 69.8 | 65.9 | .39 | <.001 |
| Leisure time spent sedentary >10 min/day, % | 77.2 | 83.8 | 78.2 | 79 | 89.2 | 83.4 | .001 | .66 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 120 | 117 | 122 | 120 | 119 | 130 | .76 | <.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 45 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 51 | .08 | <.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 99 | 98 | 101 | 107 | 84 | 106 | .11 | .04 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 90 | 95 | 94 | 95 | 98 | 103 | .02 | <.001 |
| Hypertensiong, (%) | 28 | 32 | 30 | 38 | 46 | 67 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Diabetes h (%) | 6 | 13 | 8 | 16 | 13 | 29 | .01 | <.001 |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
Never lived outside Grenada.
Lived outside Grenada ≤10 y or less.
Lived outside Grenada >10 y.
P values for trend for variables calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. P values for trend for categorical variables calculated using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.
Includes respondents who answered "sometimes," "often," "usually," or "always."
Respondents who reported alcohol consumption, defined as 1-2 drinks/d, 1-7 drinks/wk.
Blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg.
Fasting glucose ≥140 mg/dL.