Table 2.
Summary of transgenic approaches for improvement of seed components, agronomic traits, and functional genomics in soybean
| Target traits | Target gene | Origin of target gene | Target tissue | Promoter | Effect | Transformation method1 | Soybean genotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seed component | ||||||||
| Seed protein | β-casein gene | bovine | seed | soybean lectin | Accumulation of β-casein protein | PB | Jack | Maughan et al. (1999) |
| 15-kDa zein gene | maize | seed | common bean β-phaseolin | Accumulation of zein protein | PB & AG | Jack, F173 | Dinkins et al. (2001), Reddy et al. (2003) | |
| Gly m Bd 30K gene | soybean | seed | soybean α-subunit of β-conglycinin | Reduction of allergen (Gly m Bd 30K protein) | PB | Jack | Herman et al. (2003) | |
| Modified glycinin gene (V3-1) | soybean | seed | soybean glycinin (gy2) | Accumulation of V3-1 protein | PB | Jack | El-Shemy et al. (2004) | |
| 11-kDa δ-zein gene | maize | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Accumulation of zein protein | AG | Williams 82 | Kim and Krishnan (2004) | |
| 27-kDa γ-zein gene | maize | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Accumulation of zein protein | PB | Jack | Li et al. (2005) | |
| K99 fimbrial subunit gene (fanC) | Escherichia coli | seed | cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S | Accumulation of FanC | AG | Thorne | Piller et al. (2005) | |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene | human | seed | CaMV 35S or soybean glycinin (gy1) | Accumulation of bFGF | AG | Sichuan | Ding et al. (2006) | |
| Modified β-conglycinin α′ subunit gene containing bioactive peptide (Novokinin, LPYPR, Rubiscolin) | modified materials from soybean | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Accumulation of bioactive peptides | PB | Jack | Nishizawa et al. (2008) | |
| Modified β-conglycinin α′ subunit gene (4novokinin-α′) | modified materials from soybean | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Accumulation of bioactive peptides | Whisker | Jack | Yamada et al. (2008) | |
| β-conglycinin α′ subunit gene | soybean | seed | soybean glycinin (gy2) | Reduction of β-conglycinin | PB | Jack | Nishizawa et al. (2010) | |
| Human growth hormone gene (hgh) | human | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Accumulation of mature form of hGH | PB | BR-16 | Cunha et al. (2011) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Oil | Δ12 fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD2-1), | soybean | seed | common bean β-phaseolin or | Increase of oleic acid and | AG | A3237, Thorne | Buhr et al. (2002) |
| Palmitoyl-thioesterase gene (FatB) | soybean β-conglycinin | decrease of saturated fatty acid | ||||||
| Δ6 desaturase gene | Arabidopsis thaliana | seed | soybean β-conglycinin | Production of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid (STA) | AG | A3237, Thorne, NE3001 | Sato et al. (2004) | |
| Δ5 desaturase gene, Δ6 desaturase gene, GLELO elongase gene, Δ15 desaturase gene | Mortierella alpina 1S-4 (Δ5 and 6 desaturase, GLELO), soybean (Δ15 desaturase) | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Production of arachidonic acid | PB | Jack | Chen et al. (2006) | |
| Δ6 desaturase gene, Δ15 desaturase gene (fad3) | B.officinalis (Δ6 desaturase gene), A. thaliana (fad3) | seed | soybean β-conglycinin | High accumulation of stearidonic acid (STA) | AG | Thorne, NE3001, 420-5 | Eckert et al. (2006) | |
| ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene (GmFAD3) | soybean | seed | soybean glycinin | Reduction of α-linolenic acids (18:3) | AG | Jack | Flores et al. (2008) | |
| Δ6 desaturase gene (MpDES6), Δ6 elongase gene (MpELO1), Δ5 desaturase gene (MpDES5) | Marchantia polymorpha | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Production of of C20-LCPUFAs (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids) | PB | Jack | Kajikawa et al. (2008) | |
| Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2A gene (UrDGAT2A) | Umbelopsis ramanniana | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Increase of oil content | AG | Undefined | Lardizabal et al. (2008) | |
| Δ12 fatty acid desaturase gene (GmFAD2-1) | soybean | seed | soybean lectin | Increase of oleic acid | AG | Heinong44 | Wang and Xu (2008) | |
| Sphingolipid compensation gene (SLC1) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | seed | common bean phaseolin | Increase of oil content | PB | Jack | Rao and Hildebrand (2009) | |
| Fatty acid ω̄-6 desaturase 2 gene (FAD2), Acylacyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 genes (FATB-4 and FATB-5), Diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (DGAT1), Dihydrodipicolinate synthetase gene (DHPS), Highlysine protein gene (BHL8), truncated cysteine synthase gene (CGS) | soybean (FAD2, FATB4 and 5, CGS), Yarrowia lipolytica (DGAT1), Corynebacterium glutamicum (DHPS), barley (BHL8), | seed | soybean KTI3 (Kunitz trypsin inhibitor 3) | Improvement of oil content and composition | PB | Undefined | Li Z. et al. (2010) | |
| Epoxygenase gene (SIEPX), Diacylglycerol acyltransferase genes (VgDGAT1 and VgDGAT2) | Stokesia laevis (SIEPX), Vernonia galamensis (VgDGAT1and 2) | seed | common bean phaseolin | Increase of epoxy fatty acid | PB | Jack | Li R. et al. (2010) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Amino acid | Mutated aspartokinase gene (lysC-M4), Dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase gene (dapA) | E. coli (lysC-M4), Corynebacterium (dapA) | seed | common bean β-phaseolin | Increase of free lysine | PB | A2396, A2242, A5403 | Falco et al. (1995) |
| Mutated anthranilate synthase gene (OASA1D) | rice | seed | CaMV 35S or soybean gy2 | Increase of free tryptophan | PB | Jack | Ishimoto et al. (2010) | |
| Mutated anthranilate synthase gene (OASA1D) | rice | seed | soybean gy2 | Increase of free tryptophan | PB | JQ1, JQ7, Jack | Kita et al. (2010) | |
| Mutated aspartate kinase genes (XbAK_E257K and XbAK_T359I) | Xenorhabdus bovienii | seed | soybean 7Sα′ or Vicia faba USP99 | Increase of threonine | AG | A3525 | Qi et al. (2011) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Secondary compound | 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol methyltransferase gene (At-VTE3), γ-tocopherol methyl-transferase gene (At-VTE4) | A. thaliana | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Changes in tocophenol composition | AG | Undefined | Van Eenennaam et al. (2003) |
| Transcription factor gene CRC (C1/R chimeric gene), Flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H) | maize (CRC), soybean (F3H) | seed | common bean β-phaseolin | Increase of isoflavones | PB | Jack | Yu et al. (2003) | |
| Phytase gene | soybean | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Reductiion of phytate content | PB | Jack | Chiera et al. (2004) | |
| γ-tocopherol methyl transferase gene | A. thaliana | seed | CaMV 35S | Increase of α-tocopherol content | AG | Pungsannamul-kong, Alchankong | Kim et al. (2005) | |
| myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase gene (GmMIPS1) | soybean | seed | CaMV 35S | Reduction of phytate content | PB | Conquista | Nunes et al. (2006) | |
| Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene | soybean | seed | soybean KTI3 | Reduction of phytate content | PB | Jack | Shi et al. (2007) | |
| γ-tocopherol methyl transferase gene | Perilla frutescens | seed | pea vicilin | Increase of α-tocopherol content | PB | Jack | Tavva et al. (2007) | |
| Chalcone synthase gene (CHS6), Isofravone synthase gene (IFS2), Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL5) | soybean (CHS6, IFS2), bean (PAL5) | seed | soybean lectin | Reduction of isoflavone | PB | Jack | Zernova et al. (2009) | |
| Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase gene (OsHGGT) | rice | germinating seed | rice globulin or CaMV 35S | Accumulation of tocotrienol | AG | Iksannamulkong | Kim et al. (2011) | |
| β-amyrin synthase gene (GmBAS1) | soybean | seed | soybean α′ subunit of β-conglycinin | Reduction of seed saponin content | PB | Jack | Takagi et al. (2011) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Biotic resistance | ||||||||
| Insect resistance | Insecticidal crystal protein gene (cry1Ab) | Bacillus thuringiensis | whole plant | CaMV 35S with an alfalfa mosaic virus leader sequence | Resistance to velvetbean caterpillar | PB | F376 (progeny of Peking ×Masshokutoukou 502) | Parrott et al. (1994) |
| Insecticidal crystal protein gene (cry1Ac) | B. thuringiensis | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to coan earworm, soybean looper, tabacco budworm, velvetbean catepillar | PB | Jack | Stewart et al. (1996) | |
| Insecticidal crystal protoxin gene (cry1Ab) | B. thuringiensis | whole plant | Nicotiana tabacum Prrn (np)+bacteriophage T7 of gene 10L | Resistance to velvetbean caterpiller | PB | Jack | Dufourmantel et al. (2005) | |
| Pinellia ternata agglutinins gene (pta), Insecticidal crystal protein gene (cryIAc) | Pinellia ternata (pta), B. thuringiensis (cryIAc) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to cotton bollworm | AG | Hefeng 25, Hefeng 35, Hefeng 39, Heinong 37, Heinong 43, Dongnong 42, Lefeng 39 | Dang and Wei (2007) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Nematode resistance | Nematode resistance gene (Hs1pro-1) | Beta procumbens | root | (ocs-UAS)3(mas-UAS-mas-P) | Resistance to soybean cyst nematode | PB | Westag | McLean et al. (2007) |
|
| ||||||||
| Virus resistance | Coat protein precusor gene (CP-P) | Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to BPMV | AG | Fayette | Di et al. (1996) |
| Capsid polyprotein gene (pCP) | Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) | whole plant | Figwort mosaic virus (FMV) 35S | Resistance to BPMV | PB | Jack | Reddy et al. (2001) | |
| Coat protein gene | soybean mosaic virus (SMV) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to SMV | AG | 9341 | Wang et al. (2001) | |
| Coat protein gene | soybean mosaic virus (SMV) attenuated isolate (Aa15-M2) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to SMV | PB | Jack | Furutani et al. (2006) | |
| Coat protein gene | soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to SbDV | PB | Jack | Tougou et al. (2006, 2007) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Fungus resisnance | Oxalate oxidase gene (gf-2.8) | Wheat | Whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to white mould | AG | AC Colibri | Donaldson et al. (2001) |
| Oxalate decarboxylase gene (oxdc) | Flammulina sp. | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Resistance to white mould | PB | BR-16 | Cunha et al. (2010) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Abiotic tolerance | ||||||||
| Drought stress | l-Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase gene (P5CR) | A. thaliana | whole plant | soybean heat shock gene | Tolerance to heat/drought stress | AG | Ibis | De Ronde et al. (2004a, 2004b) |
| Molecular chaperone BiP (binding protein) gene (soyBiPD) | soybean | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Tolerance to drought stress | PB | Conquista | Valente et al. (2009) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Iron deficiency stress | Ferric chelate reductase gene (FRO2) | A. thaliana | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Alleviation of iron deficiency chlorosis | AG | Thorne, A3237 | Vasconcelos et al. (2006) |
|
| ||||||||
| Herbicide resistance | ||||||||
| Mutated 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3- phosphate (EPSP) synthase gene | petunia | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Glyphosate tolerance | AG | Peking, Maple Prest | Hinchee et al. (1988) | |
| 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate synthase gene (CP4 EPSPS) | Agrobacterium sp. Strain CP4 | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Glyphosate tolerance | PB | A5403 | Padgette et al. (1995) | |
| Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene (ahas) | A. thaliana | whole plant | A. thaliana ahas | Imazapyr tolerance | PB | BR-16, Doko RC, BR-91, Conquista | Arãgao et al. (2000) | |
| 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene (hppd) | Pseudomonas fluorescens | whole plant | N. tabacum Prrn(np)+bacteriophage T7 of gene 10L | Isoxaflutole tolerance | PB | Jack | Dufourmantel et al. (2007) | |
| Phosphinothricin (PPT) N-acetyltransferase genes (mat and hpat) | bialaphos-resistant soil bacteria Streptomyces sp. Strain AB3534 (hpat), Nocardia sp. strain AB2253 (mat) | whole plant | CaMV 35S | PPT tolerance | PB | Jack | Kita et al. (2009) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Others | ||||||||
| Vegetative storage protein gene (VspA) | soybean | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Reduction of VSPα and VSPβ | AG | Asgrow 3237 | Staswick et al. (2001) | |
| Feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase (AS) α-subunit gene (ASA2) | tabacco | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Increase of free tryptophan | PB | Jack | Inaba et al. (2007) | |
| Ac transposase gene | maize | whole plant | CaMV 35S | Induction of transposition of Ds delineated element | AG | Bert, Thorne | Mathieu et al. (2009) | |
| GmTFL1b (TERMINAL FLOWER1b) for Dt1 | soybean | whole plant | soybean GmTFL1b (Dt1) | Complementation of the stem growth habit in determinate line | AG | KA | Liu et al. (2010) | |
| DICER-LIKE genes (DCL4a and DCL4b) | soybean | whole plant | estrogen-inducible expression system (XVE system) | Targeted mutagenesis | A. rhizogenes | Bert | Curtin et al. (2011) | |
1)
AG: Agrobacterium, PB: Particle bombardment.