Table 2.

Empirical estimates of global average annual mean optical depths and DRE

	CA	BC	OM	BrC
Absorption optical depth (550 nm)	0.0095 (0.008 ∼ 0.01)	0.0077 (0.006 ∼ 0.009)	0.0018 (0.001 ∼ 0.003)	0.0018 (0.001 ∼ 0.003)
Optical depth (550 nm)	0.022 (0.015 ∼ 0.03)	0.0095 (0.007 ∼ 0.015)	0.012 (0.007 ∼ 0.02)
TOA DRE (Wm-2)	0.75 (0.5 ∼ 1.0)	0.75 (0.6 ∼ 0.9)	0.0 (-0.2 ∼ +0.2)
TOA clear-sky DRE	0.6 (0.4 ∼ 0.8)	0.7 (0.6 ∼ 0.8)	−0.1 (-0.3 ∼ +0.1)
Atmosphere DRE	3.8 (3.3 ∼ 4.3)	2.75 (2.3 ∼ 3.2)	1.1 (0.8 ∼ 1.4)
Surface DRE	−3.05 (-2.7 ∼ -3.6)	−2.0 (-2.3 ∼ -1.7)	−1.1 (-1.50 ∼ -0.75)

The baseline value (for optical depth) or central value (for forcing) is shown along with the range stemming from parameter uncertainties and observational errors (Tables S3 and S4 and SI Text, Uncertainty of Our Global Estimates). The global average AOD and AAOD are 0.153 and 0.0104, respectively.