Table 1. Rate of Clostridium difficile Infection in Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States 1991–2007, by Smoking Status.
| Non-Smoker | Former Smoker | Current Smoker | ||||||
| Characteristics | n, sample | Rate a | 95% CI | Rate a | 95% CI | Rate a | 95% CI | |
| Gender | Men | 7352 | 176.9 | 109.1, 244.7 | 187.0 | 141.0, 233.0 | 254.3 | 172.2, 336.4 |
| Women | 9429 | 193.2 | 157.0, 229.3 | 288.1 | 218.1, 358.1 | 308.2 | 218.7, 397.7 | |
| Race | African-American | 2232 | 216.4 | 105.0, 327.7 | 235.5 | 120.1, 351.0 | 337.7 | 170.7, 504.7 |
| Other | 14549 | 184.9 | 150.4, 219.4 | 228.2 | 183.7, 272.7 | 269.6 | 198.1, 341.2 | |
| Ethnicity | Mexican-American | 700 | 235.0 | 90.4, 379.6 | 253.2 | 104.6, 401.8 | 326.2 | 0.0, 776.2 |
| Other Hispanic | 486 | 177.4 | 74.7, 280.1 | 346.4 | 37.9, 654.9 | – b | – b | |
| Non-Hispanic | 15595 | 188.0 | 152.6, 223.3 | 225.4 | 180.3, 270.6 | 284.9 | 214.7, 355.1 | |
| Body mass index | <25.0 kg/m2 | 6677 | 181.0 | 132.2, 229.9 | 245.4 | 169.8, 320.9 | 266.0 | 172.9, 359.1 |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 6850 | 195.6 | 149.2, 241.9 | 206.5 | 154.7, 258.3 | 303.3 | 196.5, 410.1 | |
| ≥30.0 kg/m2 | 3254 | 193.2 | 117.3, 269.1 | 253.3 | 162.9, 343.7 | 276.7 | 162.0, 391.3 | |
| Alcohol use | Yes | 10368 | 168.4 | 129.3, 207.4 | 197.5 | 155.0, 240.0 | 236.9 | 165.2, 308.6 |
| No | 6413 | 210.0 | 157.0, 262.9 | 301.3 | 209.0, 393.6 | 388.8 | 260.9, 516.6 | |
| Heart disease | Yes | 3457 | 257.9 | 182.0, 333.8 | 254.1 | 161.1, 347.1 | 372.7 | 211.7, 533.6 |
| No | 13324 | 173.4 | 137.1, 209.7 | 220.7 | 175.3, 266.1 | 262.8 | 201.2, 324.5 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 1999 | 283.0 | 171.0, 395.0 | 252.9 | 145.3, 360.6 | 368.5 | 158.5, 578.4 |
| No | 14782 | 177.6 | 145.8, 209.4 | 225.5 | 182.3, 268.8 | 272.4 | 201.8, 343.1 | |
| Chronic lung disease | Yes | 1178 | 334.2 | 73.4, 594.9 | 429.0 | 262.0, 596.0 | 424.0 | 186.2, 661.8 |
| No | 15603 | 184.1 | 151.5, 216.8 | 211.3 | 172.0, 250.6 | 265.1 | 206.6, 323.6 | |
| Stroke | Yes | 1083 | 345.1 | 118.3, 571.8 | 361.2 | 153.4, 569.0 | 472.3 | 164.0, 780.7 |
| No | 15698 | 180.1 | 147.0, 213.2 | 219.4 | 176.0, 262.7 | 268.3 | 206.2, 330.4 | |
| Irritable bowel disease | Yes | 1508 | 189.9 | 101.8, 278.0 | 303.1 | 168.6, 437.5 | 392.1 | 178.8, 605.3 |
| No | 15273 | 189.0 | 152.6, 225.5 | 220.5 | 173.9, 267.1 | 272.2 | 209.0, 335.4 | |
| Ulcerative colitis | Yes | 308 | 585.8 | 148.7, 1023.0 | 437.4 | 154.8, 720.1 | 781.0 | 17.5, 1544.4 |
| No | 16473 | 182.0 | 148.6, 215.5 | 223.9 | 178.1, 269.8 | 271.6 | 209.7, 333.5 | |
| Overall | 16781 | 189.1 | 156.1, 222.2 | 229.0 | 185.0, 273.0 | 281.6 | 218.9, 344.4 | |
Footnotes:
a
Number of individuals with C. difficile/100,000 person-years, survey-weighted to the reference population.
b
Unstable rates due to small numbers.