Figure 5. Low- or high-dose L. rhamnosus had distinct immunomodulatory effects on the intestines after F4⁺ETEC challenge.

The expression of mRNA for genes encoding (A-D) TLR2, 4, 5 and 9, (E, F) NOD1 and NOD2, (G) IL-8, (H) TNF-a and (I) pBD-2 in both jejunum and ileum tissues collected at day 15 after weaning (1 week after F4⁺ETEC challenge) was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 5 per group). *P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001.