Table 2.

Galactose Study Results Rat lenses cultured for 48 hours in TC-199 - bicarbonate media supplemented with either 30 mM fructose (control) or 30 mM galactose (hGal) with/without the aldose reductase inhibitors AL1576 or tolrestat, or the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor CP-166,572 (SDI), or 30 mM galactose and 15 mM mannitol (hGal Mannitol) showing row 1: lens galactitol levels (µmol/mg protein), row 2–3: induction of bFGF and TGF-β and row 4–6: the expression levels of phosphorylated SAPK/JNK, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and phosphorylated Akt. All growth factor and signaling expressions were normalized to GAPDH. Mean ± SEM; n= 4.

	Control	hGal	hGal AL1576	hGal Tolrestat	hGal SDI	hGal Mannitol
Galactitol	0#	90.3 ± 3.2	1.2 ± .3#	27.3 ± 1.4#	89.4 ± 2.9	87.7 ± 3.7
bFGF	0.61 ± 0.06	0.84 ±0.01*	0.70 ± 0.02	0.71 ± 0.06	0.81 ± 0.03*	0.68 ± 0.04
TGF-β	0.68 ± 0.16	0.90 ± 0.12*	0.75 ± 0.02	0.69 ± 0.02	0.93 ± 0.07	0.79 ± 0.04
p-SAPK/JNK	0.62 ± 0.08	0.84 ± 0.02*	0.66 ± 0.06	0.57 ± 0.09	0.84 ± 0.02*	0.72 ± 0.04
p-ERK 1/2	0.67 ±0.06	0.96 ± 0.02*	0.76 ± 0.05	0.69 ± 0.04	0.94 ± 0.02*	0.72 ± 0.10
p-Akt	0.54 ± 0.05	0.89 ± 0.13*	0.67 ± 0.05	0.63 ± 0.02	0.81 ± 0.04*	0.65 ± 0.10

^#significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) from the untreated hGal group or

^*significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) from control group.