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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;665:143–159. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1599-3_11

Table 1.

Summary of upstream kinases, phosphorylation sites, and the cellular outcomes for FOXO members.

FOXO1 FOXO3a FOXO4 Cellular outcome References
Akt-1 T24, S256, S319 T32*, S253*, S315 T28, S193, S258 Inactivation, cytoplasmic translocation 19-22
SGK T24, S256, S319 T32#, S253, S315# T28, S193, S258 Inactivation, cytoplasmic translocation 11, 23-25
CK1 S322, S325 S318, S321 S261, S264 26, 27
CDK2 S249 28
MST1 S212 S207 Activation, interact with JNK pathway 12
DYRK1 S329 S325 S268 29
ERK S344, S294, S425 Inactivation, cytoplasmic translocation 30
JNK T447, T451 Activation, nuclear translocation 31
IKKβ S644 Cytoplasmic translocation and ubiquitination 32
*

indicates the phosphorylation preference of Akt-1, and

#

indicates the phosphorylation preference of SGK.