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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: Urol Oncol. 2010 Jul-Aug;28(4):389–400. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.02.011

Table 1.

Clinical uses of biomarkers in bladder cancer

Clinical Trials
 – Stratifying study populations
 – Conducting interim analysis of efficacy/safety
 – Applied toward regulatory approval
Clinical practice
 – Determine the risk of developing disease
 – Early detection/screening
 – Establish diagnosis
 – Determine prognosis
 – Predict response to therapy
 – Therapeutic target
 – Monitor disease/treatment response