Table 2.

Molecular targets and chemopreventive agents in the microenvironment.

Molecular targets	Chemopreventive agents
Oestrogen receptors	Tamoxifen; raloxifene; aroxifene
Akt and NFκB	Curcumin; N-acetyl cysteine; silibinin; xanthohumol; deguelin; EGCG; resveratrol
NRF2-KEAP1	Sulphoraphane; oltipraz
COX2	Rofecoxib; celecoxib; EGCG
COX1/2	Aspirin and other NSAIDs
Histone deacetylases	Sulphoraphane
TGFβ pathway	CDDO-Imidazolide
HIF1α	WGCG; resveratrol; apigenin; sulphoraphane
STATs	CDDO-Imidazolide
VEGF	Sulphoraphane; EGCG; fenretinide

Some of the specific targets in the microenvironment and specific agents that interact with these targets: CDDO: 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid; COX2: cyclooxygenase 2; EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate; HIF1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; KEAP1: kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NFκB: nuclear factor κB; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; STATs: signal transducers and activators of transcription; TGFβ: transforming growth factor-β; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.