Table 1.
Summary of the main in vivo experiments testing the effects of the noradrenergic or cholinergic modulation in sensory cortices.
| Cortical area/species | System or drug | Technique | Effects on evoked responses | Dominant effect on functional properties of cortical cells | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foote et al., 1975 | AI/monkey | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Sillito and Kemp, 1983; Murphy and Sillito, 1991 | V1/cat | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Not quantified |
| Videen et al., 1984 | V1/cat | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Kolta et al., 1987 | V1/rat | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Sato et al., 1987 | V1/cat | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | No change in orientation/direction selectivity |
| Lamour et al., 1988 | S1/rat | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Increase in receptive field size |
| Metherate et al., 1988 | S1/cat | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Not quantified |
| Metherate et al., 1990 | AI/guinea pig | Ionto | ↑ | Decrease in acoustic threshold | |
| Ashe et al., 1989; McKenna et al., 1989 | AI/cat | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Frequency tuning changes by differential effects on the BF vs. non-BF responses |
| Sato et al., 1989 | V1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Bassant et al., 1990a,b | Ionto | Not quantified | |||
| Rasmusson and Dykes, 1988; Tremblay et al., 1990; Webster et al., 1991 | S1/cat, rat, racoon | ACh | NB stim | ↑ | Not quantified |
| Metherate and Weinberger, 1989, 1990 | AI/cat | ACh | Ionto | ↓ | Frequency specific decrease in the frequency tuning after pairing |
| Hars et al., 1993; Edeline et al., 1994a,b | AI/rat | ACh | NB stim | ↑ | Not quantified |
| McLean and Waterhouse, 1994 | V1/rat | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Sharpening of the velocity and direction tuning with no effects on the orientation tuning |
| Waterhouse et al., 1998a,b | S1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↑ | Not quantified |
| Bakin and Weinberger, 1996; Bjordahl et al., 1998; Dimyan and Weinberger, 1999 | AI/guinea pig | ACh | NB stim | ↑ | Selective facilitation in the frequency tuning for the frequency paired with the NB stimulation |
| Manunta and Edeline, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 | AI/rat AI/guinea pig | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Sharpening of the frequency tuning and increase in threshold |
| Waterhouse et al., 1998a,b | S1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↑ | Not quantified |
| Lecas, 2001, 2004 | S1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Ego-Stengel et al., 2002 | V1/cat | NE | Ionto | ↓ | Sharpening of the orientation and direction selectivity |
| Manunta and Edeline, 2004 | AI/rat | Ionto | ↓ | Selective ↓ at the paired frequency | |
| Devilbiss and Waterhouse, 2004 | S1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↓ | Not quantified |
| Devilbiss et al., 2006; Devilbiss and Waterhouse, 2011 | S1/rat | NE | LC stim | ↑ | Increase between cells cross-correlations |
| Zinke et al., 2006 | V1/monkey | ACh | Ionto | Broadening of orientation tuning | |
| Disney et al., 2007 | V1/monkey | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Lower detection threshold for visual stimuli |
| Edeline et al., 2011 | AI/rat | NE | LC stim | ↓ and ↑ | Selective effects at the paired frequency |
| Soma et al., 2012 | V1/monkey | ACh | Ionto | ↑ | Increase the response gain of the contrast-response function |