. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jul 30.

Published in final edited form as: Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Aug;30(8):797–805. doi: 10.1592/phco.30.8.797

Table 3.

Midazolam and fexofenadine pharmacokinetic parameter values before- and after 28 days of Echinacea purpurea administration in 13 healthy volunteers

Midazolam	Geometric Mean Values (90% CI)^a		Geometric mean ratios (90% CI)^a	P^b

	Pre-Echinacea	Post-Echinacea	Post-Echinacea/Pre-Echinacea
AUC_0-∞ (ng ^·hr/mL)	143 (119–166)	104 (83–126)	0.73 (0.61–0.85)	0.008
C_max (ng/mL)	50 (43–57)	38 (30–47)	0.77 (0.58–0.96)	0.14
T_max (hr)	0.5 (0.5–1.0)^c	0.5 (0.5–1.5)^c	__	0.44
T ½ (hr)	5.6 (3.4–7.8)	3.1 (2.3–3.9)	0.55 (0.40–0.70)	0.051
Cl/F (mL/hr^·)	56 (46–66)	77 (55–98)	1.37 (1.10–1.63)	0.02

Fexofenadine
AUC_0-∞ (ng ^·hr/mL)	1569 (1138–2000)	1543 (1262–1824)	0.98 (0.82–1.14)	0.46
C_max (ng/mL)	256 (181–332)	232 (185–280)	0.91 (0.77–1.04)	0.18
T_max (hr)	2.0 (1.5–3.5)^c	2.0 (1.0–8.0)^c	__	0.311
T ½ (hr)	5.6 (5.2–6.1)	5.5 (5.1–5.8)	0.97 (0.90–1.04)	0.46
Cl/F (mL/hr)	76 (57–96)	78 (62–93)	1.02 (0.88–1.16)	0.75

CI, confidence interval.

The Student’s paired, two-tailed T-test was used for statistical comparisons except for Tmax, for which the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used.

Median values (ranges)