TABLE 2.

Restrictive enforcement operations launched by the Immigration and Naturalization Service or the Department of Homeland Security 1993–2010

1993	Operation blockade Border Patrol’s (BP) militarization of the El Paso Sector
1994	Operation Gatekeeper BP’s militarization of the San Diego Sector
1998	Operation Rio Grande BP program to restrict the movement of migrants across the Texas and New Mexico border with Mexico
1999	Operation Safeguard BP’s militarization of the Tucson Sector
2003	Operation Endgame Plan launched by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to detain and deport all removable noncitizens and “suspected terrorists” living in the United States
2004	Operation Frontline Program launched by ICE to address “vulnerabilities in immigration and trade” by focusing on immigration violators who pose an “enhanced public safety or national security threat”
2004	Arizona border Control Initiative Multi-agency effort supporting Homeland Security’s anti-terrorism mission through the detection, arrest, and deterrence of all persons engaged in cross-border illicit activity
2004	Operation Stonegarden Federal grant program administered through the State Homeland Security Grant Program to provide funding to state and local agencies to improve immigration enforcement
2005	Secure borders Initiative Comprehensive multi-year plan launched by IC E to secure America’s borders and reduce illegal migration
2005	Operation Streamline Program mandating criminal charges for illegal migrants, including first-time offenders
2006	Operation Return to Sender Sweep of illegal immigrants by ICE to detain those deemed most dangerous, including convicted felons, gang members, and repeat illegal immigrants
2006	Operation Jump Start Program authorizing the deployment of National Guard troops along the US–Mexico border
2007	Secure Communities Program ICE program to identify and deport criminal noncitizens arrested by state and local authorities
2007	Operation Rapid REPAT Program to Remove Eligible Parolees Accepted for Transfer by allowing selected criminal noncitizens incarcerated in US prisons and jails to accept early release in exchange for voluntary deportation
2008	Operation Scheduled Departure ICE operation to facilitate the voluntary deportation of 457,000 eligible illegal migrants from selected cities
2010	Operation Copper Cactus Deployment of Arizona National Guard troops to assist BP in apprehension of illegal migrants