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C57BL/6 Mice were fed alcohol (EtOH) for 6 weeks and were exposed to 12.5% HDE intranasally for 3 weeks (n = 5). Cytokine in the BAL fluid collected from these mice was quantified by ELISA. HDE instillation elevated TNF release more than 3-fold vs. control (* p < 0.05 vs. control, ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test). TNF-α levels were reduced by 65% in the alcohol + HDE group compared to the HDE only group (117.6/334.1 pg/mL). (#p < 0.05 vs. HDE, ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test).
