Table 1.
GEM models developed for the establishment of primary brain tumors
| Genes Involved | Mouse System Used/Promoter | Tumor Type Modeled | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| SV40 T-Ag | Transgenic mice/GFAPR | A | Danks et al.13 |
| v-src | Transgenic mice/GFAP | A, AA, schwannoma | Weissenberger et al.115 |
| PDGF-B | MoMuLV-injected C57B16 mice | GBM, PNET | Uhrbom et al.116 |
| Nf1+/− and p53+/− | Transgenic mice | A, AA, GBM | Reilly et al.17 |
| K-ras and Akt | RCAS/tv-a/nestin | GBM | Holland et al.15 |
| PDGF-B | RCAS/tv-a/ | O | Dai et al.117 |
| GFAP or nestin | OA | ||
| V12Ha-ras | Transgenic mice/GFAP | A, AA, GBM | Ding et al.118,119 |
| Ink4a-Arf −/−, K-ras and Akt | RCAS/tv-a; GFAP or nestin | Spindle cell GBM, giant cell GBM | Uhrbom et al.120 |
| Ink4a-Arf−/− and K-ras | RCAS/tv-a; GFAP or nestin | Sarcoma-like lesions | Uhrbom et al.120 |
| PTEN+/− and pRB inactivation through T121 expression | Transgenic mice/GFAPR | AA | Xiao et al.121 |
| v-erb (EGFR) and Ink4a-Arf−/− p53+/− | Transgenic mice/S100β | O, AO | Weiss et al.122 |
| V12Ha-ras and EGFRvIII | Transgenic mice/GFAP | O, OA | Ding et al.123 |
| PTEN−/− and K-ras | RCAS/tv-a; cre-lox system to delete PTEN/nestin | GBM | Hu et al.124 |
| p53−/− and Nf1−/− | GFAP-driven cre-lox system to delete Nf1 | A, AA, GBM, lymphomas, sarcomas | Zhu et al.125 |
| p53+/− and Nf1−/− | |||
| p53+/− and Nf1+/− | |||
| v-erb (EGFR) | Transgenic rats/S100β | MG, O, AO | Ohgaki et al.126 |
| V12Ha-ras and EGFRvIII (delivered by Ad) | Transgenic mice/GFAP | OA, A, AA, GBM | Wei et al.127 |
| PDGF and Ink4a−/− | RCAS/tv-a | O, AO | Tchougounova et al.128 |
| PDGF and Arf−/− | Expression from GFAP or nestin | ||
| PDGF only | |||
| p53−/− and Nf1−/− and PTEN +/− | GFAP-driven cre-lox system to delete Nf1 or PTEN | AA, GBM | Kwon et al.129 |
| PDGFB and Ink4a-Arf−/− | RCAS/tv-a; cre-lox system to delete PTEN | A, AA, GBM, OA | Hambardzumyan et al.39 |
| PDGFB and Arf−/− | GFAP or nestin | ||
| PDGFB and p53−/− | |||
| PDGFB only | |||
| PDGFB and p53−/− | Transgenic mice/GFAP | GBM, O | Hede et al.130 |
| PDGFB | Tetracycline-regulated expression/GFAP | OA, GBM | Hitoshi et al.131 |
| PDGFB | Ctv-a/CNP | O, AO, OA | Lindberg et al.132 |
| p53−/− | GFAP-driven cre-lox system to delete p53 | AA, GBM, MB | Wang Y et al.133 Wang J et al.99 |
| p53−/− and Nf1−/− | Transgenic mice/cre-lox system to remove stop casette before EGFR mini-genes | GBM | Zhu et al.134 |
| EGFRvIII and | |||
| Ink4a−/− or | |||
| PTEN−/− |
Abbreviations: SV40 T-Ag, simian vacuolating virus 40 large transforming-antigen; V12Ha-ras, constitutively active human Ras; v-src, viral-sarcoma; GFAPR, glial fibrillary acidic protein–5′ regulatory domain; RCAS/tv-a, replication competent avian leukosis virus splice acceptor/receptor for avian leukosis virus subgroup A; O, oligodendroglioma; AO, anaplastic oligodendroglioma; OA, oligoastrocytoma; MB, medulloblastoma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; MoMuLV, Moloney murine leukemia virus; CNP, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase; Ad, adenovirus.