Table 3.
Associations of daily breakfast consumption with health-related behaviours: Adjusted OR (95 %CI).
| smokers | Alcohol misuse (been drunk ≥ 2 times) | Physical activity (≥ 5 days 60 minutes) | Television viewing (> 2 hours) | daily fruit consumption | daily vegetables consumption | daily soft drinks consumption | on a diet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-European countries | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.38 (0.31–0.47) | 0.46 (0.39–0.54) | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 0.76 (0.67–0.85) | 1.68 (1.49–1.89) | 1.65 (1.47–1.86) | 0.56 (0.47–0.66) | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) |
| Israel | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 1.57 (1.37–1.80) | 0.78 (0.68–0.90) | 1.63 (1.49–1.79) | 1.50 (1.33–1.70) | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) |
| United States | 0.49 (0.37–0.65) | 0.70 (0.54–0.92) | 1.33 (1.16–1.53) | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | 1.49 (1.30–1.71) | 1.61 (1.40–1.85) | 0.72 (0.63–0.84) | 0.65 (0.55–0.77) |
| Central European countries | ||||||||
| Austria | 0.49 (0.41–0.59) | 0.43 (0.35–0.53) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.64 (0.56–0.72) | 1.26 (1.10–1.43) | 1.20 (1.02–1.42) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | 0.62 (0.53–0.74) |
| Belgium-Fl. | 0.49 (0.40–0.61) | 0.51 (0.41–0.62) | 1.50 (1.30–1.74) | 0.62 (0.54–0.71) | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 1.70 (1.48–1.95) | 0.71 (0.62–0.81) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) |
| Belgium-Fr. | 0.45 (0.35–0.57) | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | 1.44 (1.25–1.65) | 0.65 (0.56–0.74) | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) | 0.70 (0.61–0.81) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) |
| France | 0.56 (0.48–0.66) | 0.58 (0.49–0.69) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) | 1.46 (1.31–1.62) | 0.66 (0.59–0.74) | 0.65 (0.55–0.76) |
| Germany | 0.48 (0.41–0.56) | 0.5 (0.43–0.59) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 1.27 (1.14–1.42) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 0.72 (0.63–0.81) | 0.57 (0.49–0.67) |
| Luxembourg | 0.51 (0.41–0.63) | 0.54 (0.42–0.69) | 1.15 (0.99–1.32) | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 0.67 (0.57–0.78) | 0.52 (0.43–0.63) |
| Netherlands | 0.37 (0.29–0.46) | 0.45 (0.36–0.57) | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 1.41 (1.20–1.66) | 1.51 (1.30–1.76) | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | 0.72 (0.56–0.94) |
| Switzerland | 0.50 (0.40–0.63) | 0.51 (0.40–0.65) | 1.29 (1.11–1.49) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) | 1.28 (1.13–1.46) | 1.39 (1.22–1.58) | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | 0.56 (0.46–0.68) |
| Southern European Countries | ||||||||
| Croatia | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) | 0.61 (0.52–0.72) | 1.41 (1.25–1.59) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 1.50 (1.33–1.70) | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.56 (0.46–0.68) |
| Greece | 0.71 (0.53–0.93) | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 1.58 (1.36–1.84) | 1.52 (1.31–1.77) | 0.74 (0.60–0.91) | 0.87 (0.71–1.05) |
| Italy | 0.59 (0.47–0.73) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 1.30 (1.13–1.51) | 1.45 (1.23–1.72) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.60 (0.49–0.72) |
| Macedonia | 0.72 (0.56–0.91) | 1.01 (0.80–1.26) | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | 1.41 (1.24–1.60) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 0.48 (0.39–0.58) |
| Malta° | 0.78 (0.53–1.14) | 0.41 (0.22–0.74) | 1.61 (1.24–2.08) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 1.56 (1.21–1.99) | 1.48 (1.05–2.11) | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) |
| Portugal | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 1.65 (1.41–1.93) | 1.69 (1.41–2.04) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 0.63 (0.50–0.80) |
| Slovenia | 0.54 (0.42–0.68) | 0.64 (0.53–0.77) | 1.40 (1.23–1.58) | 0.72 (0.63–0.81) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 1.36 (1.18–1.56) | 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 0.67 (0.55–0.80) |
| Spain | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | 0.56 (0.48–0.66) | 1.21 (1.09–1.33) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | 1.37 (1.24–1.51) | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) | 0.65 (0.58–0.72) | 0.48 (0.42–0.56) |
| Turkey | NA | NA | 1.15 (1.02–1.30) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | 1.61 (1.40–1.84) | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 0.46 (0.35–0.61) |
| Eastern European countries | ||||||||
| Bulgaria | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 1.28 (1.11–1.46) | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 0.45 (0.37–0.54) |
| Czech Rep. | 0.55 (0.46–0.66) | 0.61 (0.51–0.73) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | 0.69 (0.59–0.82) |
| Hungary | 0.63 (0.50–0.78) | 0.56 (0.45–0.69) | 1.26 (1.09–1.47) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 1.47 (1.27–1.71) | 1.80 (1.52–2.14) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) |
| Poland | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | 0.58 (0.50–0.68) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 1.17 (1.04–1.33) | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | 0.66 (0.58–0.75) | 0.52 (0.44–0.60) |
| Romania | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) | 0.82 (0.67–0.99) | 1.35 (1.17–1.55) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 1.41 (1.24–1.61) | 1.53 (1.33–1.76) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.69 (0.55–0.85) |
| Russian Fed. | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | 0.92 (0.83–1.01) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.39 (1.26–1.54) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.63 (0.55–0.72) |
| Slovakia° | 0.58 (0.47–0.72) | 0.59 (0.48–0.72) | 1.19 (0.99–1.30) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.34 (1.15–1.57) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | 0.60 (0.48–0.75) |
| Ukraine | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 1.22 (1.06–1.39) | 1.35 (1.20–1.53) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.61 (0.50–0.73) |
| Northern European countries | ||||||||
| Denmark | 0.40 (0.33–0.48) | 0.44 (0.37–0.52) | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | 1.20 (1.06–1.37) | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | 0.44 (0.36–0.54) | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) |
| England | 0.42 (0.34–0.52) | 0.44 (0.37–0.52) | 1.30 (1.14–1.48) | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | 1.59 (1.39–1.81) | 1.72 (1.51–1.97) | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | 0.50 (0.42–0.60) |
| Estonia | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) | 1.52 (1.34–1.74) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 1.35 (1.16–1.58) | 0.77 (0.63–0.95) | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) |
| Finland | 0.41 (0.34–0.49) | 0.43 (0.36–0.51) | 1.34 (1.18–1.52) | 0.72 (0.64–0.81) | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | 1.63 (1.42–1.88) | 0.48 (0.37–0.63) | 0.77 (0.63–0.93) |
| Greenland | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | 1.45 (1.10–1.92) | 0.99 (0.71–1.39) | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 1.10 (0.83–1.47) | 0.57 (0.42–0.78) | 0.91 (0.64–1.31) |
| Iceland | 0.32 (0.26–0.40) | 0.40 (0.33–0.48) | 1.60 (1.47–1.75) | 0.71 (0.65–0.77) | 1.43 (1.30–1.57) | 1.66 (1.50–1.84) | 0.45 (0.39–0.52) | 0.62 (0.55–0.68) |
| Ireland | 0.41 (0.33–0.50) | 0.44 (0.36–0.53) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | 1.63 (1.42–1.88) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 0.52 (0.45–0.61) | 0.50 (0.41–0.61) |
| Latvia | 0.60 (0.51–0.72) | 0.62 (0.52–0.73) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 0.89 (0.78–1.03) | 0.98 (0.83–1.14) | 1.24 (1.06–1.45) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) |
| Lithuania | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 0.76 (0.65–0.88) | 0.45 (0.38–0.54) |
| Norway | 0.34 (0.27–0.43) | 0.43 (0.34–0.53) | 1.40 (1.22–1.61) | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | 1.48 (1.30–1.70) | 1.54 (1.33–1.79) | 0.41 (0.34–0.50) | 0.52 (0.43–0.62) |
| Scotland | 0.46 (0.38–0.56) | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | 0.82 (0.74–0.92) | 1.89 (1.69–2.13) | 1.76 (1.57–1.98) | 0.54 (0.48–0.62) | 0.65 (0.56–0.75) |
| Sweden | 0.28 (0.21–0.38) | 0.37 (0.30–0.47) | 1.28 (1.10–1.48) | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | 1.43 (1.22–1.67) | 1.39 (1.19–1.61) | 0.37 (0.28–0.48) | 0.44 (0.35–0.56) |
| Wales | 0.46 (0.37–0.57) | 0.52 (0.45–0.61) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 1.58 (1.38–1.82) | 1.66 (1.44–1.91) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) |
°
no school variable was available, as a consequence the clustering in schools was not taken into account; NA = not available all analyses controlled for gender, age, family affluence and family structure bold = significant OR