Table 1.
Characteristics of 2000 male physicians by quintiles of red blood cell membrane cis-palmitoleic and cis-vaccenic acids*
|
Cis-palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7)
|
Cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (low) | Q3 | Q5 (high) | Q1 (low) | Q3 | Q5 (high) | |
| Mean (SD) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.93 (0.23) | 1.28 (0.11) | 1.69 (0.06) | 2.52 (0.47) |
| Characteristics | (N=373) | (N=377) | (N=440) | (N=433) | (N=407) | (N=393) |
| Age (years) | 69.4±8.4 | 68.4±8.7 | 67.6±8.4 | 68.0±8.1 | 69.5±8.6 | 68.1±9.5 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3±3.2 | 26.0±3.3 | 26.9±3.9 | 26.2±3.3 | 25.9±3.4 | 26.2±3.9 |
| cis vaccenic acid† | 1.59±0.29 | 1.76±0.43 | 2.01±0.66 | 1.28±0.11 | 1.69±0.06 | 2.52±0.47 |
| 16:1n-7/16:0 ratio | 0.013±0.002 | 0.022±0.002 | 0.038±0.009 | 0.021±0.009 | 0.023±0.009 | 0.029±0.011 |
| 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio | 0.766±0.124 | 0.835±0.134 | 0.941±0.190 | 0.817±0.178 | 0.867±0.163 | 0.871±0.142 |
| 18:1n-7/16:1n-7 ratio | 5.83±2.33 | 3.58±0.89 | 2.26±0.83 | 3.11±1.52 | 3.67±1.43 | 4.19±1.64 |
| Oleic acid cis (18:1n-9) | 13.4±1.2 | 14.2±1.4 | 15.4±2.0 | 13.9±1.5 | 14.4±1.79 | 14.8±1.8 |
| Palmitic acid (16:0)† | 21.8±1.7 | 22.9±2.2 | 24.6±2.9 | 22.6±1.9 | 23.3±2.6 | 23.7±2.9 |
| Stearic acid (18:0)† | 17.9±3.2 | 17.3±2.9 | 16.9±3.5 | 17.8±4.4 | 17.0±2.5 | 17.2±2.0 |
| Marine omega-3† | 6.63±1.91 | 6.06±1.82 | 5.35±1.85 | 6.43±1.75 | 6.12±2.02 | 5.37±1.93 |
| Enery intake (kcal)‡ | 1672±534 | 1685±547 | 1680±488 | 1688±498 | 1682±524 | 1666±507 |
| Energy from carbohydrate (%)‡ | 51.8±9.7 | 50.6±9.7 | 49.3±10.4 | 49.7±9.8 | 50.0±9.2 | 50.9±10.9 |
| Energy from protein (%)‡ | 18.7±3.4 | 18.3±3.3 | 17.9±3.3 | 18.4±3.3 | 18.5±3.1 | 18.3±3.6 |
| Whole grain (servings/week)‡ | 4.71±1.88 | 4.43±1.85 | 4.56±1.70 | 4.48±1.77 | 4.47±1.94 | 4.53±1.79 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10.2% | 8.0% | 8.2% | 9.7% | 9.8% | 5.9% |
| Hypertension‡ | 53.0% | 52.7% | 59.1% | 53.7% | 57.6% | 49.6% |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10.5% | 8.5% | 10.7% | 10.4% | 7.4% | 10.2% |
| Hypercholesterolemia‡ | 29.5% | 30.2% | 39.3% | 32.3% | 32.2% | 29.0% |
| Heart failure | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 0.7% | 2.7% | 3.3% |
| LV hypertrophy | 0.8% | 3.5% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 3.0% | 2.8% |
| Current smoking | 0.8% | 1.9% | 5.7% | 2.1% | 4.9% | 3.3% |
| Current drinkers | 71.3% | 81.4% | 87.0% | 80.6% | 79.4% | 80.7% |
| Current exercise‡ | 65.0% | 61.9% | 60.5% | 62.6% | 62.2% | 66.1% |
*
We used quintile distribution of fatty acids in the control series. Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or percentages.
†
Fatty acids are expressed as molar percentage of total red blood cell membrane fatty acids.
‡
There were missing data on energy, carbohydrate, or protein intake (n=326); whole grain intake (n=246) and exercise (n=22); hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive drugs; hypercholesterolemia defined as total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl or use of cholesterol lowering drugs.