Table 2.

Knockout of individual selenoprotein genes in mice

Gene	Approach	Phenotype	References
GPx1	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes -susceptibility to oxidative stress and viral miocardites -acceleration of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction -reduced blood insulin and reduced islet β-cell mass in the pancreas	[13, 139]
GPx2	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes -increased apoptosis in colon crypt cells during Se deficiency	[42]
GPx1+GPx2	Whole body	-microflora-dependent intestinal colitis -decreased levels of Paneth cells	[43]
GPx3	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes	[44]
GPx4	Whole body	-embryos die at E7.5	[33]
GPx4	Neuron specific	-severe neuodegeneration	[34, 36]
GPx4	Spermatid-specific	-male infertility	[38]
nGPx4	Whole body	-delayed sperm chromatin condensation
mGPx4	Whole body	-male infertility
TR1	Whole body	-embryos die at between E8.5 and E10.5	[27]
TR1	Cardiomyocyte-specific	-no gross phenotype	[27]
TR1	Neuron-specific	-neurological symptoms, including tremor and ataxia as a result of cerebral hypoplasia	[29]
TR3	Whole body	-embryos die at between E13.5 and E15.5	[30]
TR3	Cardiomyocyte-specific	-heart failure	[30]
TR3	Neuron-specific, T-and B cells specific	-no gross phenotype	[30, 31]
DI1	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes -increased iodine excretion	[46]
DI2	Whole body	-pituitary resistance to T4 -impaired thermogenic response to cold -at thermoneutral conditions, high fat diet induced glucose intolerance, and exacerbated hepatic steatosis -poor hearing, poorly differentiated sensory epithelium	[48, 49]
DI3	Whole body	-reduced levels of circulating T4 and T3 -retarded development -deafness with premature cochlear differentiation	[52, 53]
DI1+DI2	Whole body	-mild hypothyroidism -the sum of DI1 KO and DI2 KO phenotypes	[51]
SelP		-neuronal degeneration, leading to ataxia and seizures -reduced selenoprotein expression in peripheral tissues -male infertility	[54–56]
MsrB1	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes -increased markers of oxidative stress	[65]
Sep15	Whole body	-congenital cataract	[67]
SelK	Whole body	-no gross phenotypes -impaired function of immune cells	[66]
SEPN1	Whole body	-limited motility and body rigidity in response to physical exercise -poor muscle regeneration due to age and injury induced SC loss	[69, 70]