. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2011 Jun 16;159(5):825–831.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.04.042

Table 1.

Description of the NAS- and ES-Cohorts

Recruitment time-frame	North-American Study (NAS) Cohort (N= 167) 2001 – 2005	European Study (ES) Cohort (N= 274) 2003 – 2008
Ethnicity or country of origin	145 (87 %) Caucasian, 4 African American, 4 American Indian, 7 Hispanic, 1 Asian, 6 families with no data on ethnicity.	258 (94 %) European, 2 Algerians, 3 Nigerians, 1 Afghan, 1 Dubaiian, 1 Indonesian, 2 Iranians, 1 Yemeni, 1 Filipino, 2 Turkish, 1 Ukrainian, and 1 Belarusian

Diagnostic groups	21 (13 %) isolated epispadias (13 males / 8 females)	22 (8 %) isolated epispadias (14 males / 8 females)
	130 (78 %) classic bladder exstrophy (88 males / 42 females)	236 (86 %) classic bladder exstrophy (171 males / 65 females)
	15 (9 %) cloacal exstrophy (13 males / 8 females)	16 (6%) cloacal exstrophy (10 males / 6 females)

Sex	110 males (66 %); 56 females	195 males (71 %); 79 females

Year of birth	Minimum: 1942; Maximum: 2004	Minimum: 1953; Maximum: 2008
	Median: 1995 (1989; 1999)	Median: 1997 (1989; 2002)

Maternal age	Minimum: 16 years; Maximum: 39 years	Minimum: 17 years; Maximum: 46 years
	Mean: 29 years (SD= 4.8 years)	Mean: 30 years (SD= 4.8 years)

Paternal age	Minimum: 18 years; Maximum: 49 years	Minimum: 19 years; Maximum: 53 years
	Mean: 31 years (SD= 5.6 years)	Mean: 33 years (SD= 5.5 years)