Table 2.

Mean difference [95% CI] in children’s cognitive function^A from adjusted linear regression models describing the association of maternal depressive symptoms (Model 1) at 4 months and additionally, the interaction between maternal symptoms of clinical depression and maternal perceived social support at 4 months (Model 2) among a sample (n=137) of infants born preterm in Wisconsin.

Child and Family Characteristic	Mean difference [95% CI]
	Model 1	Model 2
Intercept	74.41 [64.45, 84.39]	73.92 [63.36, 84.49)]
Child’ race and ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	−2.43 [−7.68, 2.82]	−2.47 [−7.77, 2.83]
Other race/ethnicity	Reference	Reference
Maternal Education
High school or less	Reference	Reference
Some college	2.23 [−3.51, 7.99]	2.20 [−3.60, 8.00]
Bachelor’s degree	1.76 [−3.83, 7.37]	1.61 [−4.12, 7.35]
Graduate degree	5.63 [−0.62, 11.89]	5.41 [−1.11, 11.91]
Family income
Less than $10,000	Reference	Reference
$10,000 to less than $30,000	8.71 [−0.80, 18.21]	8.61 [−1.09, 11.91]
$30,000 to $60,000	7.02 [−2.93, 16.97]	7.01 [−3.13, 17.16]
Greater than $60,000	11.21 [0.68, 21.74]	11.29 [0.61, 21.98]
Partner status
Married or cohabitating	−0.63 [−6.54, 5.28]	−0.76 [−6.78, 5.26]
Not married or cohabitating	Reference	Reference
Child’s sex
Male	Reference	Reference
Female	4.50 [0.82, 8.18]	4.45 [0.72, 8.18]
Maternal depressive symptomsB
CESD < 16	Reference	Reference
CESD ≥ 16	−5.22 [−10.19, − 0.25]	−5.15 [−10.19, −0.11]
Maternal social supportC
Low (<−1 SD below mean)		Reference
Middle (between −1 and 1 SD from mean)		0.86 [−4.92, 6.63]
High (> 1 SD above mean)		0.97 [−5.97, 7.90]

^AChildren’s cognitive function was measured (at 16 months) using the Bayely Scale of Infant Development, Mental Developmental Index.

^BPostnatal depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The CES-D asks mothers to report, on a 4-point scale (0=rarely/none of the time to 3=all of the time), their frequency of symptoms for 20 scale items. Scores of 16 or greater indicate symptoms of clinical depression.

^CMaternal perceived social support was measured at 4 months using the Maternal Support scale – a multidimensional index of emotional, informational, household, child care, financial, respite, and other support – collected about the baby’s father, mother’s parents, in-laws, and extended family. A total perceived social support score was calculated by summing the scores of each type of support (7) across the four sources resulting in a range from 0 to 28.