Table 1.
Description of included prospective cohort studies.
| Reference | Cohort, country | No. of participants | Age, gender | Exposure | Diet method | Outcome | Follow-up | Confounder adjustments | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bomback et al. (33) | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), USA | 9,451 | Mean age: 52–54 y, men and women | Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Hyperuricemia | 3 y | Age, sex, BMI, sodium intake, caloric intake, hypertension, diabetes, tobacco and alcohol use, education, field centre and race | B |
| de Koning et al. (28) | Health Professionals follow-up Study, USA | 40,389 | 40–75 y, men | Sugar-sweetened beverages | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Type 2 diabetes | 20 y | Age, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, multivitamin use, family history of type 2 diabetes, high TG at baseline, high blood pressure, use of diuretics, weight change, adherence to a low calorie diet in 1994, the alternative healthy eating index, energy intake | B |
| Dhingra et al. (19) | Framingham Heart Study, USA | 6,039 person-observations | Mean age: 53 y, 57% women | Soft drinks (both regular and diet) | Physician-administered questionnaire | Metabolic syndrome and individual components (waist, fasting glucose, blood pressure, fasting TG, HDL-C) | 4 y | Baseline levels of metabolic syndrome component, age, sex, physical activity, smoking, saturated fat, trans fat, fiber, magnesium, total calories, glycaemic index | B |
| Duffey et al. (20) | CARDIA, USA | up to 2,639 | 18–30 y, 53–66% women | Sugar-sweetened beverages (sugar-sweetened soda and fruit drinks) | Semi-quantitative interviewer-administered diet history FFQ | Blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose and insulin | 20 y | Race, age, sex, weight, smoking, physical activity, calories from food, calories from other beverages, calories from alcohol, center | B |
| Forman et al. (23) | Nurses Health Study I, II, Health Professionals Follow up study, USA | NHS1: 88,540; NHS2: 97,315; HPFS: 37,37 | Age, women and men | Fructose | Semi-quantitative FFQ administered at baseline and every 4 y | Hypertension | NHS1: 20 y; NHS2: 14 y; HPFS: 18 y. | Age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, family history of hypertension, intake of alcohol, caffeine, folate and vitamin C | B |
| Fung et al. (34) | Nurses Health Study, USA | 88,520 | 34–59 y, women | Sugar-sweetened soda and fruit drinks | Semi-quantitative FFQ administered at baseline and every 4 y | Coronary heart disease | 24 y | Age, smoking, alcohol intake, family history of coronary heart disease, physical activity, aspirin use, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, diet (alternate healthy eating index) | B |
| Hodge et al. (24) | Melbourne Collaborative Cohort, Australia | 31,276 | 40–69 y, women and men | Sugars | 121-item FFQ | Type 2 diabetes | 4 y (baseline 1990–94) | Age, sex, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, education, alcohol intake, previous weight change, BMI, waist-hip-ratio | C |
| Janket et al. (25) | Women's Health Study, USA | Mean age: 54 y, women | Total sugars, sucrose, fructose | semi-quantitative FFQ | Diabetes | 6 y | Age, smoking, alcohol intake, multivitamin use, family history of diabetes, vigorous exercise, BMI, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol | B | |
| Meyer et al. (26) | Iowa Women's Health Study, USA | 35,988 | 55–69 y, women | Sucrose, fructose | FFQ | Type 2 diabetes | 6 y | Age, energy intake, BMI, waist:hip ratio, education, smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity | B |
| Montonen et al. (27) | Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, Finland | 4,304 | 40–69 y, 46% women | Total sugars, sucrose, fructose, soda drinks | Dietary history interview (consumption during previous year) | Type 2 diabetes | 12 y (baseline 1966–72) | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, geographical area, physical activity, family history of diabetes and dietary pattern | B |
| Odegaard et al. (29) | Singapore Chinese Health Study, China | 43,580 | 45–74 y, 46–59% women | Soft drinks | Semi-quantitative FFQ during previous year (face-to-face interview-based), eight frequency and three portion sizes. | Type 2 diabetes | 6 y (baseline 1993–1998) | Age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, saturated fat, dietary fiber, dairy, juice/soft drink, coffee BMI and energy intake | B |
| Paganini-Hill et al. (35) | Leisure World Cohort, USA | 13,624 | 44–101 y, 63% women | Sugar-sweetened soft drinks (cola beverages with sugar; other soft drinks with sugar) | FFQ | Mortality | 23 y (baseline 1981) | Age, sex, smoking, exercise, BMI, alcohol, histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes rheumatoid arthritis, cancer | C |
| Palmer et al. (32) | Black Women's Health Study, USA | 43,960 | 21–69 y, women | Sugar-sweetened soft drinks; other fruit drinks (80% are sweetened) | FFQ (frequency and three portion sizes) | Type 2 diabetes | 10 y (baseline 1995) | Age, family history of diabetes, physical activity, cigarette smoking, education, the other drinks, red meat, processed meats, cereal fiber, coffee, glycaemic index | B |
| Paynter et al. (31) | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), USA | 12,204 | 45–64 y, 56% women | Sweetened beverages | Interview-administered semi-quantitative FFQ | Type 2 diabetes | 3, 6 or 9 y | Study center, age, race, education, family history of diabetes, BMI, waist-hip ratio, energy intake, dietary fiber, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and hypertension | B |
| Schulze et al. (30) | Nurses Health Study II, USA | 91,249 | 26–46 y, women | Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | Semi-quantitative FFQ | Type 2 diabetes | 8 y (baseline 1991, updated 1995) | Age, alcohol intake, physical activity, family history of diabetes, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, oral contraceptive use, fiber, magnesium, trans fat, PUFA:SFA ratio and consumption of diet soft drinks, fruit juice and fruit punch | B |