Table 3.

Intake of sugars and blood lipids.

Reference	Study design	Exposure	Outcome	No of participants (incident cases)	Effect/association
Bantle et al. (21)	Randomised crossover	17E% fructose diet (14E% added sugar) vs. glucose diet (14E% glucose, 3E% naturally occurring fructose).	Fasting cholesterol, HDL, TG, calculated LDL, measured LDL, apoB, 24 h metabolic profile of TG	24	Fructose vs. glucose diet:Cholesterol: 4.30 vs. 4.22, P=0.17LDL: 2.49 vs. 2.49, P=0.76HDL: 1.30 vs. 1.30, P=0.97Plasma TG: in women: 0.93 vs. 0.97, P=0.63; in men: 1.25 vs. 0.95, P<0.00124 h metabolic profiles of plasma TG: women: 31 vs. 30 P=0.72, men: 46 vs. 35 P<0.001
Black et al. (22)	Randomised crossover	25E% sucrose vs. 10E% sucrose diets	total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG	13	10E% sucrose vs. 25E% sucrose diet:Total cholesterol: 4.01 vs. 4.62 p < 0.01LDL 2.25 vs. 2.78 p < 0.01HDL 1.2 vs. 1.2 NSTG 0.92 vs. 0.95 NS.
Dhingra et al. (19)	Prospective cohort	Soft drinks	Incidence of hypertriglyceridemia (≥1.7 mmol/L); low HDL (<1.03 mmol/L)	TG: 6,382 (1,093), HDL: 5,763 (739)	OR for ≥1 servings/day vs. none:TG:=1.25 (1.04–1.51)HDL: OR = 1.32 (1.06–1.64)
Duffey et al. (20)	Prospective cohort	Sugar-sweetened beverages	High TG (≥1.7 mmol/L or medication); low HDL-C (<1.04 mmol/L if male and 1.3 mmol/L if female or medication); high LDL (>130 mg/dL or medication)	TG: 2,627 (542), HDL: 1,837 (252), HDL: 2,640 (94)	RR for increase in each exposure quartile:TG: 1.06 (1.01–1.13)HDL: 1.06 (0.97–1.16)LDL: 1.18 (1.02–1.36)