Table 6.
Association between intake of sugar and incidence of type 2 diabetes.
| Reference | Exposure | Outcome | No of participants | Effect/association |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hodge et al. (24) | Sugars (not specified) | Type 2 diabetes (self-reported and confirmed from medical practitioners) | 31,276 (365 cases) | OR for difference between the 87.5th and 12.5th intake percentile: 0.72 (0.56–0.93), P=0.01 |
| Janket et al. (25) | Total sugar, sucrose, fructose | Diabetes (self-reported) | 38,480 (918 cases) | RR for highest vs. lowest quintile:Total sugar: 0.77 (0.52–1.15), P-trend = 0.26Sucrose: 0.59 (0.39–0.88), P-trend = 0.05Fructose: 1.24 (0.84–1.85) P-trend = 0.30 |
| de Koning et al. (28) | Sugar sweetened beverages (caffeinated colas, caffeine-free colas, other carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages and non-carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages) | Type 2 diabetes (self-reported) | 40,389 (2,680 cases) | RR of highest vs. lowest quartile:1.24 (1.09–1.40), P-trend < 0.01 |
| Meyer et al. (26) | Sucrose, fructose | Type 2 diabetes | 35,988 (1,141 cases) | RR of highest vs. lowest quintile:Sucrose: 0.81 (0.67–0.99), P-trend = 0.027Fructose: 1.27 (1.06–1.54), P-trend = 0.0015 |
| Montonen et al. (27) | Total sugar; sucrose; fructose; soda drinks | Type 2 diabetes (from drug register and medical records) | 4,304 (177 cases) | RR of highest vs. lowest quartile:Total sugars: 1.56 (0.99–2.46), P-trend = 0.10Sucrose: 1.12 (0.71–1.76), P-trend = 0.61Fructose: 1.90 (1.20–3.01), P-trend = 0.004Soft drinks: 1.60 (0.93–2.76), P-trend = 0.01 |
| Odegaard et al. (29) | Soft drinks; other fruit and vegetable juices (80% were sweetened) | Type 2 diabetes (self-reported diagnosis and validated through hospital records and detailed telephone interview) | 43,580 (2,273 cases) | RR for 2 or more drinks/week vs. rarely consumed:Soft drinks: 1.34 (1.17–1.52) P-trend <0.0001Juice: 1.24 (1.01–1.53), P-trend = 0.09 |
| Palmer et al. (32) | Sugar sweetened soft drinks; sweetened fruit drinks | Type 2 diabetes (self-reported; validated by in 229 subjects by physician) | 43,960 (2,713 cases) | IRR of ≥2 drinks/day vs. <1 drink/month:Soft drinks: 1.05 (0.90–1.23) (not adjusting for BMI: 1.24 (1.06–1.45); P-trend = 0.002)Fruit drinks: 1.31 (1.13–1.52); P-trend = 0.001 |
| Paynter et al. (31) | Sweetened beverage (fruit punch, non-diet soda, orange or grapefruit juice) | Type 2 diabetes | 12,204 (1,437 cases) | HR of 2 or more/day vs. less than 1 drink/day:Men: 1.03 (0.82–1.28), P-trend = 0.94Women: 1.01 (0.79–1.29), P-trend = 0.58 |
| Schulze et al. (30) | Sugar-sweetened soft drinks | Type 2 diabetes (self-reported; 98% were confirmed by medical record review in substudies) | 91,249 (741 cases) | RR of ≥1 drink/day vs. <1/month:1.39 (1.07–1.76), P-trend = 0.01 |