Appendix 2.
Exclusion criteria for ordered articles
| Article | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| [No authors listed] (2000). “Side effects. Metformin for blood sugar problems.” TreatmentUpdate 12(7): 5–6. | Did not examine sugar |
| Assy, N., et al. (2008). “Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors.” Can J Gastroenterol 22(10): 811–816. | Cross-sectional study |
| Berg, C. M., et al. (2008). “Food patterns and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Swedish INTERGENE research program.” Am J Clin Nutr 88(2): 289–297. | Dietary pattern |
| Brown, C. M., et al. (2008). “Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans.” Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294(3): R730–737. | Acute effects |
| Brynes, A. E., et al. (2003). “A randomised four-intervention crossover study investigating the effect of carbohydrates on daytime profiles of insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in middle-aged men.” Br J Nutr 89(2): 207–218. | Too short (24 days) |
| Buyken, A. E., et al. (2010). “Carbohydrate nutrition and inflammatory disease mortality in older adults.” Am J Clin Nutr 92(3): 634–643. | Foods high in sugars or refined starch |
| Charlton, K. E., et al. (2005). “Micronutrient dilution associated with added sugar intake in elderly black South African women.” Eur J Clin Nutr 59(9): 1030–1042. | Cross-sectional |
| Chen, L., et al. (2010). “Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure: a prospective study among United States adults.” Circulation 121(22): 2398–2406. | Too short (18 months followup) |
| Choi, H. K., et al. (2010). “Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women.” JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 304(20): 2270–2278. | Gout as endpoint |
| Cowin, I. S., et al. (2001). “Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months.” Eur J Clin Nutr 55(1): 39–49. | Diet (18 months of age), lipid (31 months) |
| Culling, K. S., et al. (2009). “Effects of short-term low- and high-carbohydrate diets on postprandial metabolism in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(5): 345–351. | Too short (3 days) |
| Curhan, G. C., et al. (2010). “Sugar-sweetened beverages and chronic disease.” Kidney Int 77(7): 569–570. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Davis, J. N., et al. (2007). “Associations of dietary sugar and glycemic index with adiposity and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth.” Am J Clin Nutr 86(5): 1331–1338. | Cross-sectional |
| Davis, J. N., et al. (2007). “Reduction in added sugar intake and improvement in insulin secretion in overweight latina adolescents.” Metab Syndr Relat Disord 5(2): 183–193. | Intervention groups combined, reported change in sugar consumption used |
| Davis, J. N., et al. (2005). “The relation of sugar intake to beta cell function in overweight Latino children.” Am J Clin Nutr 82(5): 1004–1010. | Cross-sectional study |
| Dolan, L. C., et al. (2010). “Evidence-based review on the effect of normal dietary consumption of fructose on development of hyperlipidemia and obesity in healthy, normal weight individuals.” Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50(1): 53–84. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Erkkila, A. T., et al. (2007). “Moderate increase in dietary sucrose does not influence fasting or postprandial serum lipids regardless of the presence of apolipoprotein E2 allele in healthy subjects.” Eur J Clin Nutr 61(9): 1094–1101. | No control group |
| Gohgi, Y., et al. (2005). “[Risk factors for requiring long-term care among middle-aged and elderly people].” Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 52(3): 226–234. | Not in English |
| Harrington, S. (2008). “The role of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adolescent obesity: a review of the literature.” J Sch Nurs 24(1): 3–12. | SLR on obesity and Sugar Sweetened Beverages |
| Heinig, M., et al. (2006). “Role of uric acid in hypertension, renal disease, and metabolic syndrome.” Cleve Clin J Med 73(12): 1059–1064. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Hofmann, S. M., et al. (2009). “Dietary sugars: a fat difference.” J Clin Invest 119(5): 1089–1092. | Comment on Stanhope |
| Johnson, R. J., et al. (2009). “Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes?” Endocr Rev 30(1): 96–116. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Johnson, R. J., et al. (2007). “Potential role of sugar (fructose) in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease.” Am J Clin Nutr 86(4): 899–906. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Johnson, R. K., et al. (2009). “Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.” Circulation 120(11): 1011–1020. | AHA statement |
| Kirkwood, L., et al. (2007). “Effects of advice on dietary intake and/or physical activity on body composition, blood lipids and insulin resistance following a low-fat, sucrose-containing, high-carbohydrate, energy-restricted diet.” Int J Food Sci Nutr 58(5): 383–397. | High carbohydrate, high sugar diet |
| Knight, J., et al. (2010). “Metabolism of fructose to oxalate and glycolate.” Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 42(12): 868–873. | Kidney stone as endpoint |
| Konstantinova, S. V., et al. (2008). “Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women.” Am J Clin Nutr 88(6): 1663–1669. | Cross-sectional study |
| Kopp, W. (2006). “The atherogenic potential of dietary carbohydrate.” Prev Med 42(5): 336–342. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Lairon, D., et al. (2007). “Digestible and indigestible carbohydrates: interactions with postprandial lipid metabolism.” J Nutr Biochem 18(4): 217–227. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Lancaster, K. J., et al. (2006). “Dietary intake and risk of coronary heart disease differ among ethnic subgroups of black Americans.” J Nutr 136(2): 446–451. | Descriptional |
| Lau, C., et al. (2005). “Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, fiber, simple sugars, and insulin resistance: the Inter99 study.” Diabetes Care 28(6): 1397–1403. | Cross-sectional study |
| Le, K. A., et al. (2006). “A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans.” Am J Clin Nutr 84(6): 1374–1379. | No control group |
| Le, K. A., et al. (2006). “Metabolic effects of fructose.” Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9(4): 469–475. | Not a randomized control study or prospective cohort |
| Lichtenstein, A. H., et al. (2006). “Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee.” Circulation 114(1): 82–96. | American Heart Association statement |
| Liese, A. D., et al. (2010). “Food intake patterns associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.” Br J Nutr 103(10): 1471–1479. | Food intake patterns, not clear exposure |
| Lim, J. S., et al. (2010). “The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome.” Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(5): 251–264. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Malik, V. S., et al. (2010). “Sugar Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis.” Diabetes Care. | A meta-analysis |
| Marckmann, P., et al. (2000). “Ad libitum intake of low-fat diets rich in either starchy foods or sucrose: effects on blood lipids, factor VII coagulant activity, and fibrinogen.” Metabolism 49(6): 731–735. | No control. Only 2 weeks of exposure, comparing sugar with fiber and starch. |
| McNaughton, S. A., et al. (2008). “Dietary patterns, insulin resistance, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Whitehall II Study.” Diabetes Care 31(7): 1343–1348. | Dietary pattern, not clear exposure. |
| McNaughton, S. A., et al. (2009). “Food patterns associated with blood lipids are predictive of coronary heart disease: the Whitehall II study.” Br J Nutr 102(4): 619–624. | Dietary pattern, not clear exposure. |
| Michels, K. B., et al. (2002). “A prospective study of variety of healthy foods and mortality in women.” Int J Epidemiol 31(4): 847–854. | Dietary pattern, not clear exposure. |
| Miller, A., et al. (2008). “Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome.” Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24(2): 204–209. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Mirmiran, P., et al. (2008). “Effect of nutrition intervention on non-communicable disease risk factors among Tehranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.” Ann Nutr Metab 52(2): 91–95. | Many dietary changes made, not only sugar |
| Montonen, J., et al. (2007). “Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose predict type 2 diabetes occurrence.” J Nutr 137(6): 1447–1454. | |
| Mölgaard, C., et al. (2003). “The impact of sugar on health.” Ugeskrift for Laeger 165(44): 4207–4210. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Nakagawa, T., et al. (2005). “Hypothesis: fructose–induced hyperuricemia as a causal mechanism for the epidemic of the metabolic syndrome.” Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 1(2): 80–86. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Nandorf, R. (2002). “Coca-Cola vending-machines in schools are grounding for diabetes among young people.” Lakartidningen 99(43): 4296. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Nettleton, J. A., et al. (2009). “Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” Diabetes Care 32(4): 688–694. | Diet soda, not sugar swetened beverages |
| Noel, S. E., et al. (2009). “A traditional rice and beans pattern is associated with metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rican older adults.” J Nutr 139(7): 1360–1367. | Dietary pattern, no clear exposure. |
| Okuno, M., et al. (2010). “Palatinose-blended sugar compared with sucrose: different effects on insulin sensitivity after 12 weeks supplementation in sedentary adults.” Int J Food Sci Nutr 61(6): 643–651. | No control group. Comparing to palatinose blended sugar with sugar |
| Pala, V., et al. (2006). “Associations between dietary pattern and lifestyle, anthropometry and other health indicators in the elderly participants of the EPIC-Italy cohort.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16(3): 186–201. | Dietary pattern, no clear exposure (sweets and dairy) |
| Palou, A., et al. (2009). “On the role and fate of sugars in human nutrition and health. Introduction.” Obes Rev 10 Suppl 1: 1–8. | An overview of many reviews (not a systematic review) |
| Pereira, C., et al. (2005). “Application of cluster analysis in prevention of coronary heart disease.” Rev Port Cardiol 24(3): 381–394. | Comparing coronary patients (N = 30) with healthy controls (N = 30), no clear exposure. |
| Raben, A., et al. (2001). “Diurnal metabolic profiles after 14 d of an ad libitum high-starch, high-sucrose, or high-fat diet in normal-weight never-obese and postobese women.” Am J Clin Nutr 73(2): 177–189. | No control group, short intervention (14d) |
| Raben, A., et al. (2002). “Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects.” The American journal of clinical nutrition 76(4): 721–729. | Body weight as endpoint |
| Ruottinen, S., et al. (2009). “Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotype show association in children.” Acta Paediatr 98(10): 1667–1673. | Cross sectional study |
| Ruxton, C. H., et al. (2010). “Is sugar consumption detrimental to health? A review of the evidence 1995–2006.” Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50(1): 1–19. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Rössner, S. (2004). “Diabetes caused by sugar? High intake of soft drinks increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.” Lakartidningen 101(49): 3982. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Sorensen, L. B., et al. (2005). “Effect of sucrose on inflammatory markers in overweight humans.” Am J Clin Nutr 82(2): 421–427. | No control group |
| Stanhope, K. L., et al. (2009). “Fructose consumption: considerations for future research on its effects on adipose distribution, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity in humans.” J Nutr 139(6): 1236S–1241S. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Stanhope, K. L., et al. (2009). “Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans.” The Journal of clinical investigation 119(5): 1322–1334. | Matched control, not randomized |
| Sun, S. Z., et al. (2010). “Lack of association between dietary fructose and hyperuricemia risk in adults.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 7: 16. | Cross sectional study |
| Swarbrick, M. M., et al. (2008). “Consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases postprandial triacylglycerol and apolipoprotein-B concentrations in overweight and obese women.” Br J Nutr 100(5): 947–952. | No control group |
| Tappy, L., et al. (2010). “Fructose and metabolic diseases: New findings, new questions.” Nutrition 26(11–12): 1044–1049. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Taylor, E. N., et al. (2008). “Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones.” Kidney Int 73(2): 207–212. | Kidney stones as endpoint |
| Valensi, P. (2005). “Hypertension, single sugars and fatty acids.” J Hum Hypertens 19 Suppl 3: S5–9. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Vasankari, T., et al. (2006). “Effect of dietary fructose on lipid metabolism, body weight and glucose tolerance in humans.” Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition 50(2): 55–63. | Review (not a systematic review) |
| Ventura, E., et al. (2009). “Reduction in risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in response to a low-sugar, high-fiber dietary intervention in overweight Latino adolescents.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163(4): 320–327. | Both low sugar and high fiber I.e., no clear exposure |
| Williams, C. L., et al. (2008). “Childhood diet, overweight, and CVD risk factors: the Healthy Start project.” Prev Cardiol 11(1): 11–20. | Only one 24 hour recall |
| Visvanathan, R., et al. (2005). “The effects of drinks made from simple sugars on blood pressure in healthy older people.” Br J Nutr 93(5): 575–579. | Postprandial measurements |
| Vogt, J. A., et al. (2006). “L-rhamnose and lactulose decrease serum triacylglycerols and their rates of synthesis, but do not affect serum cholesterol concentrations in men.” J Nutr 136(8): 2160–2166. | Intervention using L-rhamnose, Lactulose or Glucose |
| Vos, M. B., et al. (2009). “Fructose and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study.” Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163(7): 674–675. | Not a healthy population |
| Yaghoobi, N., et al. (2008). “Natural honey and cardiovascular risk factors; effects on blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerole, CRP, and body weight compared with sucrose.” ScientificWorldJournal 8: 463–469. | Not healthy at baseline |
| Yoshida, M., et al. (2007). “Surrogate markers of insulin resistance are associated with consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and fruit juice in middle and older-aged adults.” J Nutr 137(9): 2121–2127. | Cross sectional study |