Table 1.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Avermectins [Values According to Ref. 22 and 162]

Parameter	Ivermectin	Abamectin	Emamectin Benzoate
Molecular weight	875	873.1	994 – 1 008
Kow	1 651	9 772	100 000
Koc	12 660–15 700	5 300–15 700	3 485 – 24 176
Aqueous solubility	4 mg·L-1	7.8 μg·L-1	24 – 320 mg·L-1
Vapour pressure	< 1.5 x 10-9 mm Hg	NA	3 x 10-8 mm Hg
Photolysis in water	< 0.5 days	< 0.5 days	0.7 – 35.4 days
Soil half-life; and other experimental conditions	93–240 days* 7–14 days** 91–217 days*** 3 h****	14–56 days	174 days

^*In the laboratory, in the dark, ~22°C, in soil/feces mixtures.

^**Outdoors, in summer, in soil and soil/feces mixtures.

^***Outdoors, in winter, in soil and soil/feces mixtures

^****Outdoors, thin, dry film on glass, sunlight

NA: Not available.