Table 2.
Ecotoxicity of Abamectin (ABM) to Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms (for key to Dosages see Table Footnote)
| Source | Reference | Test Organism | Toxicity / response | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERTEBRATES | ||||
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Cyprinodon variegates (Sheepshead minnow) | LC50 (96 h ) = 15 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure to test organisms: dissolved state |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish) | LC50 (96 h ) = 24 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Cyprinus spp. | LC50 (96 h ) = 42 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state |
| Tišler & Eržen (2006) | [118] | Danio rerio (Zebrafish) | Mortality (LC): 96 h LC10 = 30.8 µg L-1 96 h LC50 = 55.1 µg L-1 (46.1–66.7 µg.L-1) 96 h LC90 = 98.3 µg L-1 Swimming ability (EC): 96 h EC50 = 21.1 µg L-1 96 h EC50 = 49.3 µg L-1 (37.3–63.3 µg L-1) 96 h EC90 = 114.8 µg L-1 |
Acute toxicity; exposure: semi-static, duration 96 h Endpoints: mortality and swimming ability |
| TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Ridsdill-Smith (1988) | [157] | Onthophagus binodis (dung beetle) | Reduced larval survival and oviposition for 4-8 weeks post-treatment | Injectable (cattle) |
| Dadour et al. (2000) | [160] | Onthophagus binodis (dung beetle) | Reduced survival of newly emerged beetles in dung voided 3-6 days post-treatment. Inhibition of egg laying in dung voided 5-6 wks previously | Injectable (cattle); Sub-lethal effects |
| Houlding et al. (1991) | [159] | Onthophagus binodis (dung beetle) | Reduced survival of newly emerged beetles in dung voided 3-6 days post-treatment; delayed oocyte development | Injectable (cattle) |
| Doherty et al. (1994) | [66] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | Oviposition not reduced; complete mortality of larvae with ≥ 16µg a.i. kg-1 | Injectable 1% formulation (cattle) |
| Wardhaugh & Mahon (1991) | [155] | Onthophagus spp.; Euoniticellus fulvus (dung beetles) | Dung of ABM-treated cattle attracted more dung beetles than dung voided by untreated animals | Injectable (cattle) |
| Youn et al. (2003) | [139] | Harmonia axyridis (Asian ladybird beetle) | LC50 (eggs) <0.09 mg a.i. L-1
LC50 (1st instar) <0.09 mg a.i. L-1 LC50 (2nd instar) <0.09 mg a.i. L-1 LC50 (3rd instar) <0.09 mg a.i. L-1 LC50 (4th instar) = 18.40 mg a.i. L-1 LC50 (pupae) <0.09 mg a.i. L-1 LC50 (4th instar) = 4.90 mg a.i. L-1 |
Mortality 48 h (mobile stages) eggs and pupae: one week |
| Ahmad et al. (2008) | [144] | Spodoptera litura (Noctuidae) | LC50 =18.5 - 2342 mg L-1 | Mortality assessed after 72 h exposure to ABM. Comparison laboratory susceptible population with field populations |
| Wang et al. (2008) | [135] | Anagrus nilaparvata (Hymenoptera Mymaridae) | LC50 = 8.5 mg a.i. L-1 | 1 h exposure (contact); emulsible concentrate 1% a.i.; final test concentration: 16 mg a.i. L-1 |
| Guglielmone et al. (1999) | [154] | Haematobia irritans (Horn fly) | 100% mortality in dung voided 7 days post-treatment | Injectable (cattle) egg-adult development |
| Clarke & Ridsdill-Smith (1990) | [158] | Musca vetustissima (Bush fly) | Reduced survival and enhanced asymmetry of wing veins for flies from dung voided 4 weeks post injection; no effect on survival or asymmetry at weeks 8 to 11 | Injectable (cattle) egg-adult development |
| Ridsdill-Smith (1988) | [157] | Musca vetustissima (Bush fly) | 0% egg-adult survival in dung voided up to 2 wks post-treatment 98% survival by wk 8 | Injectable (cattle) |
| Wardhaugh & Mahon (1991) | [155] | Musca vetustissima (Bush fly) | 0% larval survival days 3-25. 6 % at day 35 | Injectable (cattle) |
| Wardhaugh & Mahon (1998) | [156] | Musca vetustissima (Bush fly) | Fly survival suppressed for 16-32 days | Injectable (cattle) |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Folsomia candida (springtail) | LC50 (survival) = 67 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 5.2 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 13 mg kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Folsomia candida (springtail) | LC50 (survival) = 1.0 mg kg-1 d.f. NOEC (reproduction) = 0.8 mg kg-1 d.f. EC50 (reproduction) = 1.4 mg kg-1 d.f. |
Concentrations of ABM in sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Diao et al. (2007) | [145] | Folsomia candida (springtail) | NOEC (survival) >2.5 mg kg-1 dry weight LOEC (survival) >2.5 mg .kg-1 d.w. EC50 (survival) >2.5 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (survival) >2.5 mg kg-1 d.w. NOEC (reproduction) = 0.25 mg kg-1 d.w. LOEC (reproduction) = 0.50 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (reproduction) = 0.19 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (reproduction) = 0.68 mg kg-1 d.w. |
21 days exposure in soil; mortality, reproduction |
| Diao et al. (2007) | [145] | Folsomia fimetaria (springtail) | LOEC (survival) =1.00 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (survival) = 0.48 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (survival) = 0.81 mg kg-1 d.w. NOEC (reproduction) <0.25 mg kg-1 d.w. LOEC (reproduction) = 0.25 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (reproduction) = 0.05 mg kg-1 d.w. EC50 (reproduction) = 0.33 mg kg-1 d.w. |
21 days exposure in soil; mortality, reproduction |
| Umina et al. (2010) | [134] | Sminthurus viridis (Collembolan, Lucerne flea) | LD50 = 18.94 mg L-1 | a.i. = 18 g L-1; dilution 300 ml 50 L-1 water ; contact 8h; mortality |
| Lin et al. (2009) | [94] | Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acariformes, Tetranychidae) | F0 LC50 = 0.02 mg L-1 F0 LC90 = 0.04 mg L-1 F42 LC50 = 0.15 mg L-1 F42 LC90 = 0.39 mg L-1 |
Selection of resistance to ABM in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (generations F0 to F42). Mortality 24h |
| Umina et al. (2010) | [134] | Halotydeus destructor (redlegged earth mite) | LD50 = 97 mg L-1 | a.i. = 18 g L-1; dilution 300 ml.50 L-1 water; contact 8h; mortality |
| Umina et al. (2010) | [134] | Penthaleus falcatus (blue oat mite) | LD50 = 30 mg L-1 | a.i. = 18 g L-1; dilution 300 mL 50 L-1 water; contact 8h; mortality |
| Umina et al. (2010) | [134] | Bryobia sp. (clover mite) | LD50 = 155 mg L-1 | a.i. = 18 g L-1; dilution 300 mL 50 L-1 water; contact 8h; mortality |
| Lin et al. (2009) | [94] | Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acariformes, Tetranychidae) | F0 LC50 = 0.02 mg L-1 F0 LC90 = 0.04 mg L-1 F42 LC50 = 0.15 mg L-1 F42 LC90 = 0.39 mg L-1 |
Selection of resistance to ABM in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (generations F0 to F42). Mortality 24h |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Porcellio scaber (isopod) | LC50 (survival) = 69 mg kg-1 d.s. | Soil; mortality after 21 days of exposure |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Eisenia fetida (compost earthworm) | LC50 = 28 mg kg-1 d.w. | After 28 days exposure |
| Jensen et al. (2007) | [153] | Eisenia fetida (compost earthworm) | EC50 = 0.06 mg kg-1: Change in biomass. LOEC for cocoon production: 0.25 mg kg-1 EC50 and EC50 approximately 0.16 and 1.03 mg kg-1 for cocoon production No cocoons production at concentration 5 mg kg-1 |
E. fetida were exposed to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 mg kg-1 d.s. |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Eisenia andrei (earthworm) | LC50 (survival) = 18 mg kg-1 d.s. LOEC (weight loss) = 29 mg kg-1 d.s. NOEC (weight loss) = 9.8 mg kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, weight loss after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Eisenia andrei (earthworm) | LC50 (survival) >1.4 mg kg-1 d.f. no effect on reproduction NOEC > 1.4 mg kg-1 d.f. |
Sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Diao et al. (2007) | [145] | Eisenia andrei (earthworm) | NOEC (survival) = 5.0 mg kg-1 d.s. LOEC (survival) >5.0 mg kg-1 soil wt EC50 (survival) >5.0 mg kg-1 soil wt EC50 (survival) >5.0 mg kg-1 soil wt NOEC (reproduction) < 0.25 mg kg-1 soil wt |
Soil; mortality, reproduction after 70 days of exposure |
| Sun et al. (2005) | [206] | Eisenia fetida (earthworm) | LC50 (7 days) = 24 mg kg_1 (d.w.) LC50 (14 days) = 17 mg kg_1 (d.w.) |
After 14 days of exposure in artificial OECD soil |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Enchytraeus crypticus (enchytraeid) | EC50 (survival) = 111 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 4.6 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 38 mg kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Enchytraeus crypticus (enchytraeid) | LC50 (survival) = 1.1 mg kg-1 d.f. EC50 (reproduction) = 0.9 mg kg-1 d.f. NOEC = 0.8 mg kg-1 d.f. |
Concentrations of ABM in sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Diao et al. (2007) | [145] | Enchytraeus crypticus (enchytraeid) | NOEC (survival) = 10 mg kg-1 d.s. LOEC (survival) = 150 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (survival) = 78 mg kg-1 d.s. NOEC (reproduction) = 10 mg kg-1 d.s. LOEC (reproduction) = 25 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 12 mg kg-1 d.s. EC50 (reproduction) = 24 mg kg-1 d.s. |
21 days exposure in soil; mortality, reproduction |
| Aquatic Invertebrates | ||||
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Penaeus duorarum (Decapoda) | 96 h LC50 = 1.6 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state; 96 h exposure |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Callinectes sapidus (Blue crab, Decapoda) | 96 h LC50 = 153 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state; 96 h exposure |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 48 h LC50 = 0.34 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state; 24 h exposure |
| Tišler & Eržen (2006) | [118] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 24 h EC50 = 0.11 µg L-1 48 h EC50 = 0.12 µg L-1 24 h EC50 = 0.33 µg L-1 (range 0.21–0.43 µg.L-1) 48 h EC50 = 0.25 µg L-1 (range 0.21–0.30 µg.L-1) 24 h EC90 = 0.97 µg L-1 48 h EC90 = 0.50 µg L-1 |
Acute toxicity. Exposure: static; duration 24 and 48 h Endpoint: immobility |
| Tišler & Eržen (2006) | [118] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 21 d LOEC = 0.009 µg L-1 21 d NOEC = 0.005 µg L-1 21 d IC25 = 0.007 µg L-1 |
Chronic toxicity. |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Neomysis bahia (Mysidacea) | 96 h LC50 = 0.022 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure: dissolved state; 96 h exposure |
| Wislocki et al. (1989) | [120] | Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia) | 96 h LC50 = 430 µg kg-1 | Route of exposure to test organisms: dissolved state; 96 h exposure |
| ALGAE | ||||
| Tišler & Eržen (2006) | [118] | Scenedesmus subspicatus | no growth inhibition at 10 µg L-1 ABM 72 h EC50 = 0.7 mg L-1 72 h EC50 = 4.4 mg L-1 72 h EC90 = 21 mg L-1 |
Exposure: static; chronic toxicity |
| MICRO-ORGANISMS | ||||
| Tišler & Eržen (2006) | [118] | Vibrio fischeri (luminescent bacteria) | 30 min EC20 = 390 µg L-1
30 min EC50 = 690 µg L-1 (610-770 µg L-1) 30 min EC80 = 1200 µg L-1 |
Exposition (static) 30 min to ABM; endpoint: luminescence |
Dosages for cattle are: 500 (pour-on), 200 (injectable) or 200 (oral) µg kg-1 b.w.