Table 4.
Ecotoxicity of Eprinomectin (EPR) to Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms (for key to Dosages, see Table Footnotes)
| Source | Reference | Test organism | Toxicity / response | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERTEBRATES | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Bobwhite quail | 272 mg kg-1 | 14 d LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Bobwhite quail | <62.5 mg kg-1 | 14 d NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Bobwhite | 1813 mg kg-1 | (dietary) 8 d LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Bobwhite | 1000 mg kg-1 | (dietary) 8 d NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Mallard duck | 24 mg kg-1 | 14 d LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Mallard duck | <7.8 mg kg-1 | 14 d NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Mallard duck | 447 mg kg-1 | (dietary) 8 d LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Mallard duck | <100 mg kg-1 | (dietary) 8 d NOEC |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | 1.2 mg L-1 | 96 h LC50 |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | 0.37 mg L-1 | 96 h NOEC |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | 0.37 mg L-1 | 96 h LC50 |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | 0.14 mg L-1 | 96 h NOEC |
| TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [231] | Onthophagus taurus (dung beetle) | High larval mortality for 1-2 weeks post-treatment. Newly emerge beetles susceptible to residues in dung voided on day 3 | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Musca domestica (house fly) | < control at weeks 1; 2 and 4. | Pour-on (cattle); Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Musca inferior (diptera) | Reduced larval survival for 9-13 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | No emergence at week 1; < control at wks 2 and 4. | Pour-on (cattle); Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) | < control until week 4 | Pour-on (cattle); Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Lumaret et al. (2005) | [229] | Neomyia cornicina (dung-dwelling Diptera) | NOEC = 7 ± 5 mg g-1 null emergence until day 7 after treatment; high larval mortality until day 12 | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Orthelia timorensis (dung-dwelling Diptera) | Reduced larval survival for 9-13 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Halley et al. (2005) | [236] | Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) | Mortality and behaviour unaffected by residues in dung voided ≤ 14 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) 28 day test period in lab study |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) | 295 mg kg-1 | 28 d NOEC (mortality) |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) | 90.8 mg kg-1 | 28 d LC50 (weight) |
| AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.002 mg L-1 | 24 h EC50 |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.0005 mg L-1 | 48 h EC50 |
| PLANTS | ||||
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) | 29 mg L-1 | 14 d MIC |
| Merck and Co. (1996) | [230] | Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) | 7 mg L-1 | 14 d NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Cucumber, lettuce, soybean, ryegrass, tomato, wheat | 1300 mg kg-1 | NOEC germination |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Cucumber, soybean | 9.5 mg kg-1 | NOEC root elongation |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Lettuce, ryegrass, tomato, wheat | 8.5 mg kg-1 | NOEC root elongation |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Cucumber, ryegrass, tomato, wheat | 0.47 mg kg-1 | NOEC shoot length and root weight |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | Lettuce, soybean | 6.5 mg kg-1 | NOEC shoot length and root weight |
| MICRO-ORGANISMS | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Merck and Co (1996) | [167, 230] | 26 microbial species | 1000 mg kg-1 | NOEC antimicrobial activity |
Dosages for cattle are: 500 (pour-on), 200 (injectable) or 200 (oral) µg kg-1 b.w.