Table 5.
Ecotoxicity of Doramectin (DOR) to Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms (for key to Dosages, see Table Footnotes)
| Source | Reference | Test Organism | Toxicity / Response | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERTEBRATES | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | 0.01 mg L-1 | 96 h LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | 0.002 mg L-1 | 96 h NOEC |
| TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Webb et al. (2010) | [333] | Aphodius spp. (dung beetles) | Increased capture of adults in pastures with avermectin-treated versus untreated cattle; preferential colonization of dung from untreated versus DOR-treated cattle | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Dadour et al. (2000) | [160] | Onthophagus binodis (dung beetle) | Reduced survival of newly emerged adults fed dung voided 9 days post-treatment; reduced ovarian condition and egg production of newly emerged adults fed dung voided up 3 & 6 days post-treatment; reduced egg-to-adult survival in dung voided 3 & 6 days post-treatment | Injectable (cattle) |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | 12.5 mg kg-1 dung | LC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | 38.2 mg kg-1 dung | LC90 |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Musca domestica (house fly) | No emergence at week 1; < control at wks 2 and 4 after treatment. | Pour-on (cattle) Survival of flies developing in dung. |
| Farkas et al. (2003) | [264] | Musca domestica (house fly) | Reduced larva-to-adult survival in dung voided ≤ 23 (cattle) or ≤ 15 (swine) days post-treatment | Injectable (cattle) Injectable (swine) with 300 µg kg-1 b.w. |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Musca inferior (Diptera) | Reduced larval survival for 9-13 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | No emergence 4 weeks after treatment. | Pour-on (cattle); 0.5 mg DOR.kg-1 bw. Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | 3 mg kg-1 dung | LC90 |
| Andress et al. (2000) | [348] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | Suppression of adult flies on cattle for 8-9 weeks after single application | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Webb et al. (2007) | [349] | Scatophaga stercoraria (Diptera) | No difference in recovery of adult flies from pastures with avermectin-treated versus untreated cattle; increased fluctuating wing asymmetry for flies from pastures of DOR-treated cattle | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] |
Stomoxys calcitrans
(stable fly) |
no emergence at wk 1 < control at weeks 2 and 4 |
Pour-on (cattle); 0.5 mg DOR.kg-1 bw. Survival of flies developing in dung. |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Chrysomya bezziana (Old World screw-worm fly OWS) | DOR gave 7 days protection | Pour-on formulation at 1ml 10 kg-1 b.w. |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Orthelia timorensis (Diptera) | Reduced larval survival for 9-13 post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Folsomia candida (springtail) | 28 d LC50
(survival) >300 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d EC50 (reproduction) = 26 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d EC50 (reproduction) = 42 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d NOEC = 30 mg.kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Folsomia candida (springtail) | 28 d LC50
(survival) >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. 28 d EC50 >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. 28 d NOEC >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. No effect on reproduction |
concentrations of DOR in sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Porcellio scaber (isopod) | 21 d LC50 (survival) >300 mg kg-1 d.s. | Soil; mortality after 21 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Eisenia andrei (earthworm) | 28 d LC50
(survival) = 228 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d LOEC (weight loss) = 25 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d NOEC weight loss) = 8.4 mg kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, weight loss after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Eisenia andrei (earthworm) | 28 d EC50 >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. 28 d LC50 >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. no effect on reproduction 28 d NOEC > 2.5 mg kg-1 d.f.. |
concentrations of DOR in sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Eisenia foetida (earthworm) | 28 d LC50 > 1000 mg kg-1 | |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Eisenia foetida (earthworm) | 2 mg kg-1 | 28 d NOEC (growth) |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Eisenia foetida (earthworm) | 4 mg kg-1 | 28 d LOEC (growth) |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Enchytraeus crypticus enchytraeid) | 28 d LC50
(survival) >300 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d EC50 (reproduction) = 79 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d EC50 (reproduction) = 170 mg kg-1 d.s. 28 d NOEC = 100 mg kg-1 d.s. |
Soil; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| Kolar et al. (2008) | [146] | Enchytraeus crypticus (enchytraeid) | 28 d EC50
(reproduction) = 2.2 mg kg-1 d.f. 28 d LC50 >2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. 28 d NOEC = 2.5 mg kg-1 d.f. |
concentrations of DOR in sheep faeces; mortality, reproduction after 28 days of exposure |
| AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.0001 mg L-1 | 48 h EC50 |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.000025 mg L-1 | 48 h NOEC |
| PLANTS | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] |
Selenastrum
(green algae) |
Not acutely toxic | Not acutely toxic |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Corn | 840 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Corn | 840 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Corn | 980 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Cucumber | 840 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Cucumber | 840 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Cucumber | 53 - 130 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Ryegrass | 6.6 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Ryegrass | 1.6 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Ryegrass | < 33 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Soy bean | 990 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Soy bean | 990 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Soy bean | 47 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Tomato | 840 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Tomato | 840 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Tomato | 47 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Wheat | 57 mg kg-1 | % germination NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Wheat | 57 mg kg-1 | % root elongation NOEC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Wheat | 47 mg kg-1 | % seedling growth NOEC |
| MICRO-ORGANISMS | ||||
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Clostridium perfringens | 40 mg L-1 | MIC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Nostoc | 60 mg L-1 | MIC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Aspergillus flavus | 600 mg L-1 | MIC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 800 mg L-1 | MIC |
| Boxall et al. (2002), Pfizer (1996) | [167, 240] | Chaetomium globosum | 800 mg L-1 | MIC |
Dosages for cattle are: 500 (pour-on), 200 (injectable) or 200 (oral) µg kg-1 b.w.