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. 2012 May;13(6):1004–1060. doi: 10.2174/138920112800399257

Table 6.

Ecotoxicity of Emamectin Benzoate to Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms

Source Reference Test Organism Toxicity / Response Conditions
VERTEBRATES
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) 96 h LC50 = 174 µg L-1
96 h NOEC = 48.7 µg L-1
Chukwudebe et al. (1996) [257] Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) 96 h LC50 = 180 µg L-1
96 h NOEC = 87 µg L-1
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 96 h EC50 (adult) = 194 µg L-1
96 h NOEC (adult) = 156 µg L-1
96 h LC50 (MATC) = 18 µg L-1
96 h NOEC (MATC) = 12 µg L-1
96 h LOEC = 28 µg L-1 		mortality (96 h); early life stages (96 h): MATC and LOEC
McHenery & Mackie (1999);, Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow) 96 h LC50 = 1,350 µg L-1 exposition 96 h
TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES
Ahmad et al. (2008) [144] Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 72 h LC50 = 0.03 (lab. pop.) - 2.31 mg L-1 Mortality assessed after 72 h exposure to emamectin. Comparison laboratory susceptible population with field populations
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.026 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.305 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact with treated plant)
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.003 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.007 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact)
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.003 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.009 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact)
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.001 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.005 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact)
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.007 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.013 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact)
Argentine et al. (2002) [256] Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera) 6 d LC50 = 0.006 mg L-1
6 d LC90 = 0.022 mg L-1 		Mortality recorded 6 d after application (contact)
AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
Waddy et al. (2007) [255] Homarus americanus (American lobster) NOEL (moult cycle) = 0.12 mg a.i. g-1 lobster
LOEL (moult cycle) = 0.22 mg a.i. g-1 lobster		 dose response of ovigerous lobsters to emamectin benzoate
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda) 96 h LC50 = 983 µg L-1
192 h LC50 = 572 µg L-1
96 h NOEC = 814 µg L-1
192 h NOEC =440 µg L-1
96 h LC50 >68.2 mg kg-1
192 h LC50 >68.2 mg kg-1
96 h NOEC = 68.2 mg L-1
192 h NOEC = 68.2 mg kg-1 		water exposure (96 h and 192 h)
Feed exposure (96 h and 192 h) (concentration reported µg.kg-1feed)
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Crangon crangon (Decapoda) 96 h LC50 = 242 µg L-1
192 h LC50 = 161 µg L-1
96 h NOEC = 161 µg L-1
192 h NOEC = 161 < µg L-1
96 h LC50 >69.3 mg L-1
192 h LC50 >69.3 mg L-1
96 h NOEC = 69.3 mg L-1
192 h NOEC = 69.3 mg L-1 		water exposure (96 h and 192 h)
Feed exposure (96 h and 192 h) (concentration reported µg.kg-1 feed)
Bravo et al. (2008) [248] Caligus rogercresseyi (Copepod) EC50 = 57-203 µg L-1 (µg kg-1) (summer season)
EC50 = 202-870 µg L-1 (µg kg-1) (winter season)
EC50 (naive individuals) = 34 µg L-1 (µg kg-1)		 End point: immobilization; resistance in copepods exposed to emamectin benzoate
Willis & Ling (2003) [249] Acartia clausi (Copepod) 48 h EC50 (N6) = 0.57 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (N6) = 0.48 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C1) = 0.28 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C1) = 0.13 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C6) = 0.29 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C6) = 5.27 µg L-1
NOEC (adult) = 0.05 µg L-1
LOEC (adult) = 0.16 µg L-1
Egg production reduced for concentrations of 0.16 and 0.5 µg L-1 		three life stages: nauplii (N6), copepodites (instars C1 and C6) and adults exposed 48 h and 96 h to emamectin benzoate
Daily egg production after 96 h exposition
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Artemia salina (Anostraca) LC50 (6 h) = 1.73 mg L-1 IC100
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea) 96 h LC50 = 0.04 mg L-1
96 h NOEC = 0.02 µg L-1
Willis & Ling (2003) [249] Pseudocalanus elongatus (Copepod) 48 h EC50 (N6) = 0.12 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C1) = 0.14 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C1) = 0.17 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C6) = 0.45 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C6) = 10.9 µg L-1 		life stages: nauplii (N6) and copepodites (C1 and C6) exposed 48 h and 96 h to emamectin benzoate
Willis & Ling (2003) [249] Temora longicornis (Copepod) 48 h EC50 (N6) = 0.23 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C1) = 0.41 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C6) = 2.8 µg L-1 		life stages: nauplii (N6) and copepodites (C1 and C6) exposed 48 h to emamectin benzoate
Willis & Ling (2003) [249] Oithona similis (Copepod) 48 h EC50 (N6) >15.8 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (N6) >15.8 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C1) = 15.86 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C1) = 14.8 µg L-1
48 h EC50 (C6) = 232 µg L-1
96 h EC50 (C6) = 113 µg L-1 		life stages: nauplii (N6) and copepodites (C1 and C6) exposed 48 h and 96 h to emamectin benzoate
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Corophium volutator (Amphipoda) (mud shrimp) 10 d LC50 = 6.32 µg L-1
10 d NOEC = 3.2 µg L-1
10 d LC50 = 193 µg kg-1
10 d NOEC =115 µg kg-1 		water (µg. L-1)
sediment (µg.kg-1wet sediment)
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Daphnia magna (Cladocera) 48 h LC50 (48 h) = 1.0 µg L-1
48 h NOEC (48 h) = 0.3 µg L-1
21 d LC50 reprod. = 0.16 µg L-1
21 d NOEC reprod. = 0.09 µg L-1
21 d MATC = 0.12 µg L-1
21 d LC50 feed = 0.13 µg kg-1 		mortality (48 h);
reproduction - LOEC (21 d);
MATC (maximum acceptable toxicant concentration)(21 d);
LC50 (adults) feed exposure (21 d) (µg kg-1feed)
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Capitella capitata (Polychaete worm, Capitellidae) 21 d LC50 = 1.04 mg L-1
21 d NOEC = 460 µg L-1
 Exposition 21 d
McHenery & Mackie (1999), Schering-Plough Anim. Health (2002) [246-247] Arenicola marina (lugworm, Polychaeta) 10 d LC50 = 111 µg kg-1
10 d NOEC = 56.0 µg kg-1 		sediment (µg kg-1 wet sediment)