Table 7.
Ecotoxicity of Moxidectin (MOX) to terrestrial and aquatic organisms (for key to dosages, see Table footnotes).
| Source | Reference | Test organism | Toxicity / response | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERTEBRATES | ||||
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Bobwhite quail | 278 mg kg-1 | 21 d acute oral LD50 |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Mallard duck | 365 mg kg-1 | 21 d acute oral LD50 |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Chicken | 283 mg kg-1 | 14 d acute oral LD50 |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) | 0.0006 mg L-1 <0.0005 mg L-1 |
96 h LC50 96 h NOEC |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Onchorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) | 0.0002 mg L-1 <0002 mg L-1 |
96 h LC50 96-h NOEC |
| TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Iwasa et al. (2008) | [266] | Caccobius jessoensis (dung beetle) | No effect on egg-adult survival | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Fincher & Wang (1992) | [269] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | no adverse effects on adult emergence | Injectable (cattle) Reproduction |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | No effect on colonisation nor larval development NOEC >0.50 mg kg-1 |
Injectable (cattle); adult NOEC |
| Doherty et al. (1994) | [66] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | Effects at concentrations ≥ 256 µg kg-1 | Sensitivity of larvae |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Digitonthophagus gazella (dung beetle) | 0.256 mg kg-1 | progeny EC50 |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [231] | Onthophagus taurus (dung beetle) | Dung voided from 3-70 days post-treatment showed no detectable effects on development or survival | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Fincher & Wang (1992) | [269] | Euoniticellus intermedius (dung beetle) | no adverse effects on adult emergence | Injectable (cattle); reproduction |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Euoniticellus intermedius (dung beetle) | >0.50 mg kg-1 0.47 mg kg-1 >0.27 mg kg-1 |
adult NOEC progeny EC50 progeny NOEC |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Aphodius larvae (dung beetle) | No effect on egg-adult survival | Injectable (cattle) |
| Hempel et al. (2006) | [193] | Aphodius constans (dung beetle) | LC50 = 4.0 - 5.4 mg kg-1 dung (d.w.) | |
| Wardhaugh et al. (1996) | [174] | Musca vetustissima (bush fly) | MOX has no effect on larval survival | Injectable (steers) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) | no effect | Spiked dung |
| Wardhaugh et al. (1996) | [174] | Musca domestica (house fly) | MOX has no effect on larval survival | Injectable (steers) |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Musca inferior (Diptera) | MOX has no effect on larval survival | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Musca domestica (house fly) | no effect | Pour-on (cattle); Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Farkas et al. (2003) | [264] | Musca domestica (house fly) | no effect on larva-to-adult survival | Injectable (cattle); Injectable (swine) 300 µg.kg-1 b.w. |
| Floate et al. (2001) | [178] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | < control at wks 1, 2 and 4. | Pour-on (cattle); Survival of flies developing in dung |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Haematobia irritans exigua (horn fly) | 0.134 mg kg-1 0.064 mg kg-1 |
EC50 NOEC |
| Iwasa et al. (2008) | [266] | Haematobia irritans (horn fly) | Reduced egg-adult survival in dung voided ≤ 7 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Iwasa et al. (2008) | [266] | Neomyia cornicina (dung-dwelling Diptera) | Reduced egg-adult survival in dung voided ≤ 7 days post-treatment | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Wardhaugh et al. (2001) | [180] | Orthelia timorensis (Diptera) | MOX has no effect of larval survival | Pour-on (cattle) |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Eisenia foetida (earthworm) | 37.2 mg kg-1 substrate | 28 d subacute LC50 |
| AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.00003 mg L-1 | 48 h EC50 |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Daphnia magna (Cladocera) | 0.00001 mg L-1 | 48 h NOEC |
| PLANTS AND ALGAE | ||||
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) | 0.087 mg L-1 | 72 h EC50 |
| Fort Dodge (1997) | [270] | Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Avena fatua (wild oats), Brassica kaber (wild mustard), Calystegia arvensis (hedge bindweed), Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge), Digitaria sanguinalis (large crabgrass), Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass), Elytrigia repens (quackgrass), Ipomoea sp. (morningglory), Setaria viridis (green foxtail), Sida spinosa (prickly sida). | 4 kg ha-1 | phytotoxicity NOEC |
Dosages for cattle are: 500 (pour-on), 200 (injectable) or 200 (oral) µg kg-1 b.w.