Table 8.
Ecotoxicity of Spinosad (SPI) to Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms
| Source | Reference | Test organism | Toxicity / response | Duration and Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VERTEBRATES | ||||
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | LD50 ≥ 3738 mg a.i. kg-1 b.w. (m.) LD50 > 5000 mg kg-1 b.w. (f.) |
OECD guideline 401 acute oral toxicity, 1987 |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | LD50 > 5.18 mg L-1 | EC test guideline (EC method B.2 acute toxicity) (inhalation, 4h), 1984 |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | NOAEL = 9.5 mg m3 | 14-d inhalation, 15-d recovery |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | NOAEL = 8.6 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 42.7 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
13-week oral; repeated administration |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | NOAEL = 7.7 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 39.1 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
13-week oral; repeated administration |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | NOAEL = 2.4 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 11.4 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 No carcinogenic potential |
2-year oral, combined chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat | NOAEL = 10 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 Reproduction NOAEL = 100 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
2-generation; reproductive study |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat | Maternal NOAEL = 50 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 Developmental NOAEL = 200 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 No teratogenic potential |
Teratogenicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rat, m. & f. | No evidence of neurotoxicity in acute, sub-chronic and chronic studies | Neurotoxicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Mouse, m. & f. | LD50 > 5000 mg kg-1 b.w. (m. & f.) | OECD guideline 401 acute oral toxicity, 1987 |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Mouse, m. & f. | NOAEL = 7.5 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 22.5 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
3-month oral |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Mouse, m. & f. | NOAEL = 11.4 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 32.7 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 No carcinogenic potential |
18-month oral, combined chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Dog, m. & f. | NOAEL = 4.89 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 9.73 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
13-week oral; repeated administration |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Dog, m. & f. | NOAEL = 2.68 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 LOAEL = 8.22 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 |
12-month oral |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rabbit, m.& f. | LD50 > 5000 mg kg-1 b.w. (m. & f.) | OECD guideline 402 acute dermal toxicity, 1987 |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rabbit, m. & f. | NOAEL = 1000 mg kg-1 b.w. | 21-d dermal; repeated administration (sub-acute to chronic |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Rabbit | Maternal NOAEL = 10 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 Developmental NOAEL = 50 mg kg-1 b.w. d-1 No teratogenic potential |
Teratogenicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | 96 h LC50 = 27 mg L-1 | 96 h, FIFRA 72-1 & OECD 203, 12.5 ± 0.5°C; Acute toxicity, static |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | 80 d NOEC = 0.5 mg L-1 | 80-d, FIFRA 72-4(a) & OECD 210 (12 ± 2°C); Early life-stage toxicity, flow through |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) | 96 h LC50 = 5.94 mg L-1 | 96-h, FIFRA 72-1 & OECD 203 (21-22.1°C); acute toxicity, static |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Cyprinus carpio (common Carp) | 96 h LC50 = 4 mg L-1 | 96-h, FIFRA 72-1 & OECD 203 (24.5-25.5°C); acute toxicity, flow through |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Cyprinus carpio (common Carp) | 96 h LC50 > 49 mg L-1 | 96-h, OECD 203 (22 ± 2°C), 480 g.L-1 SC; acute toxicity, static |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead Minnow) | 96 h LC50 = 7.9 mg L-1 | 96-h acute |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail) | 14 d LD50 > 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. | 14-d, FIFRA 71-1; acute oral toxicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail) | 5 d LC50 > 5253 mg a.i. kg-1 diet | 5-d, FIFRA 71-2 & OECD 205, 88% A+D spinosyns; short-term dietary toxicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Colinus virginianus (bobwhite quail) | 21 week NOEC = 550 mg kg-1 diet | 21-week, FIFRA 71-4(a) & OECD 206; reproduction study |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) | 14 d LD50 > 2000 mg kg-1 b.w. | 14-d, FIFRA 71-1; Acute oral toxicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) | 5 d LC50 > 5156 mg k-1g diet | 5-d, FIFRA 71-2 & OECD 205; short-term dietary toxicity |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Anas platyrhynchos (mallard duck) | 21 week NOEC = 550 mg kg-1 diet | 21-week, FIFRA 71-4(b) & OECD 206; Reproduction study |
| TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Anthonomus grandis (Col. Curculionidae; Boll weevil) | LC50 = 1.0 mg L-1 | Adult mortality; leaf disk 5 days |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Col. Chrysomelidae; Southern corn rootworm) | LC50 = 1.0 µg a.i. per larva | topical – mortality 2-d |
| McLeod et al. (2002) | [276] | Epitrix fuscula (Col. Chrysomelidae; eggplant flea beetle) | 2-d LC50 = 25.9 mg L-1 2-d LC95 = 208.5 mg L-1 4-d LC50 = 9.8 mg L-1 4-d LC95 = 65.4 mg L-1 |
2-d and 4-d mortality; contact with treated leaf disk plant |
| Lambkin & Rice (2007) | [277] | Alphitobius diaperinus (Col. Tenebrionidae) | LC50 = 0.037-0.040 µg 100 mL-1
LC99 = 0.721-0.809 µg 100 mL-1 |
Contact; solvent acetone |
| Cisneros et al. (2002) | [310] | Aleochara bilineata (Col. Staphylinidae) | 10% mortality | Exposition to 200 mg kg-1 SPI |
| Kristensen & Jespersen (2004) | [350] | Musca domestica (Diptera) | 72 h LC50 = 0.51 µg g-1 | 72-h feeding bioassay (µg a.i. per gram of sugar); susceptible population. |
| Kristensen & Jespersen (2004) | [350] | Musca domestica (Diptera) | 72 h LC50 = 1.5 – 5.5 µg g-1 | 72-h feeding bioassay (a.i. on sugar); resistant population. |
| Kristensen & Jespersen (2004) | [350] | Musca domestica (Diptera) | 48 h LC50 = 40 ng g fly-1 | 48-h; topical application; susceptible population. |
| Kristensen & Jespersen (2004) | [350] | Musca domestica (Diptera) | 48 h LC50 = 2.5 – 4.7 ng fly-1 | 48-h; topical application; resistant population. |
| Salgado (1998) | [4] | Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) | 24 h LC50 = 8.0 mg kg-1 | a.i. in 10% sucrose on filter paper; contact and feeding. 24-h exposition |
| De Deken et al. (2004) | [287] | Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera) | LD50 = 2.500 mg L-1 LD90 = 3.908 mg L-1 |
Topical application SPI on mesonotum of individual flies: 1 µL; 11.6% a.i. µL-1. Mortality (absence of the slightest movement) recorded at 48h after application; teneral indiv. |
| De Deken et al. (2004) | [287] | Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera) | LD50 = 2.180 mg L-1 LD90 = 3.051 mg L-1 |
48-h; topical application 1 µL; 11.6% a.i. µL-1; gravid indiv. |
| De Deken et al. (2004) | [287] | Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera) | LD50 = 1.117 mg L-1 LD90 = 1.874 mg L-1 |
48-h; topical application 1 µL; 48% a.i. µL-1; gravid indiv. |
| King & Hennessey (1996) | [278] | Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) | EC99 (f) = 9.4 mg kg-1 EC99 (m) = 5.8 mg kg-1 |
SPI combined with a sugar-yeast hydrolysate and used as a bait spray on sexually mature females (f) and males (m) in a no-choice test. |
| Franc & Bouhsira (2009) | [288] | Ctenocephalides canis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) | 24-h mortality: 100% Efficacy from the reinfestation > 99%: 3 wks; 90% 30 d post-treatment |
SPI-treated dogs (oral; tablets); 30 mg kg-1 l.w. |
| Blagburn et al. (2010) | [289] | Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) | 100% mortality of adult fleas at 4 through 48h post-treatment | SPI-treated dogs (oral); 30 mg kg-1 l.w. |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Spodoptera exigua (Lepid. Noctuidae; Beet armyworm) | 2 d LC50 = 0.02 µg a.i. per larva | Injection – mortality 2 days; 4th stage |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Spodoptera exigua (Lepid. Noctuidae; Beet armyworm) | 1 d LC50 = 0.71 µg a.i. per larva | topical – mortality 1d;  4th stage |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Spodoptera exigua (Lepid. Noctuidae; Beet armyworm) | 5 d LC50 = 5.8 mg L-1 | Diet - mortality 5d; 2nd stage |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Spodoperda frugiperda (Lepid. Noctuidae; Fall armyworm) | LC50 = 3.0 mg L-1 | Drench |
| Ahmad et al. (2008) | [144] | Spodoptera litura (Lepid. Noctuidae) | 72 h LC50 =1.06 µg mL-1 (range 0.87–1.29) | Mortality assessed after 72 h exposure to SPI for a laboratory susceptible population (Lab-PK) |
| Ahmad et al. (2008) | [144] | Spodoptera litura (Lepid. Noctuidae) | 72 h LC50 = 12.1 to 129 mg L-1 | Mortality assessed after 72 h exposure to SPI. Field populations |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Noctuidae; Tobacco budworm) | 24 h LC50 = 0.16 – 0.31 mg a.i. L-1 | Drench – mortality 24h |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Noctuidae; Tobacco budworm) | LC50 = 0.31 mg a.i. L-1 | Neonate larvae; Acute LC50 with spinosyn |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Nocrm) | LC50 < 0.05 to > 64 mg L-1 | Neonate larvae; Acute LC50 with different spinosyn analogs |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Noctuidae; Tobacco budworm) | 4 d LC50 = 32 mg L-1 | A/D mixture (formulated 10b+9j analogs) under simulated field conditions; 4-day residual (cotton) |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Noctuidae; Tobacco budworm) | LC50 > 200 mg L-1 | SPI under simulated field conditions; 4-day residual (cotton) |
| Salgado (1998) | [4] | Heliothis virescens (Lepid. Noctuidae; Tobacco budworm) | LD50 = 14 ng (6-31 ng) | LD50 value for larvae 50-70 mg; injection. |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Trichoplusia ni (Lepid. Noctuidae; Cabbage looper) | 5 d LC50 = 0.08 µg a.i. per larva | topical – mortality 5d; 2nd stage |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Laspeyresia (Cydia) pomonella (Lep. Tortricidae; Codling moth) | 5 d LC50 = 0.25 µg a.i. per larva | topical – mortality 5d |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Laspeyresia (Cydia) pomonella (Lep. Tortricidae; Codling moth) | 14 d LC50 = 82 mg L-1 (acute; eggs) 14 d LC50 = 81 mg L-1 (larvae) |
A/D mixture (formulated 10b+9j analogs) under simulated field conditions; 14-day residual (apple) |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Laspeyresia (Cydia) pomonella (Lep. Tortricidae; Codling moth) | 14 d LC50 = 130 mg L-1 (acute; eggs) 14 d LC50 = 350 mg L-1 (larvae) |
SPI under simulated field conditions; 14-day residual (apple) |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Apis mellifera (honey bee) | LD50 = 0.057 µg a.i. bee-1 (SPI) LD50 = 0.049 µg a.i. bee -1 (480SC) |
OECD 213. Oral exposure (SPI & spinosyn analog) |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Apis mellifera (honey bee) | LD50 = 0.004 a.i. µg bee -1 (SPI) LD50 = 0.050 µg a.i. bee -1 (480SC) |
OECD 214. Contact exposure (SPI & spinosyn analog) |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Apis mellifera (honey bee) | LD50 = 0.006 µg a.i. bee -1 (SPI) LD50 = 0.049 µg a.i. bee -1 (480SC) |
EPPO 170; Acute oral (SPI & spinosyn analog) |
| Salgado (1998) | [4] | Periplaneta americana (cockroach) | 24 d LD50 = 0.74 µg a.i. | 24-d; injection of adult male |
| Cisneros et al. (2002) | [310] | Doru taeniatum (earwig) | 48% mortality: 1.2 mg kg-1 a.i. 98% in the 1200 mg kg-1 a.i. |
14-d period; contaminated granules |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Aphis gossypii (Homoptera; Cotton aphid) | LC50 = 50 mg L-1 (between 42 and 88) | Acute LC50; 6 to 8-day-old squash plants infested with cotton aphids 16-24 h prior to treatment |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Aphis gossypii (Homoptera; Cotton aphid) | LC50 = 2.5 to 55 mg L-1 | Acute LC50 with different spinosyn analogs |
| Thompson et al. (1995) | [273] | Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite) | 4 d LC50 = 5.3 mg L-1 | Leaf spray – mortality 4 days |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite) | LC50 = 5.3 mg L-1 | Acute LC50; mixed-age mobile mites or mite nymphs transferred to squash plants |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite) | LC50 = 0.4 to 55 mg L-1 | Acute LC50 with different Spinosyn analogs |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite) | 4 d LC50 = 25 mg L-1 | A/D mixture (formulated 10b+9j analogs) under simulated field conditions; 4-day residual (apple) |
| Crouse et al. (2001) | [351] | Tetranychus urticae (Two spotted spider mite) | 4 d LC50 > 100 mg L-1 | SPI under simulated field conditions; 4-day residual (apple) |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Eisenia foetida (earthworm) | 14 d LC50 > 970 mg kg-1 d.s. | 14-d, 20 ± 2°C; Acute toxicity |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Earthworm | NOEC = 18.65 mg kg-1 d.s. | Reproductive effects; kg soil |
| AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES | ||||
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Daphnia magna (water flea) | 48 h EC50 > 1.0 mg L-1 | 48-h, FIFRA 72-2 & OECD 202 Part 1 (20 ± 2°C); Acute toxicity, static |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Daphnia magna (water flea) | 48 h EC50 = 9.1 mg L-1 | 48-h, OECD 202 Part 1 (20 ± 2°C), Acute toxicity, static, formulation 480SC |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Daphnia magna (water flea) | 21 d NOEC = 0.0012 mg L-1 (flow through); 21 d NOEC = 0.0080 mg L-1 (semi-static) |
21-d, FIFRA 72-4 & OECD 202 Part 2 (20 ± 2°C); Chronic toxicity |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp) | 48 h LC50 > 7.9 mg L-1 | 48-h |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Palaeomonetes pugio (Grass shrimp) | 48 h LC50 > 9.7 mg L-1 | 48-h |
| Bond et al (2004) | [285] | Anopheles albimanus (Diptera) | LC50 = 0.024 mg L-1 | Suspension concentrate formulation of SPI; 24h lethal concentration for third and fourth instars |
| Bond et al (2004) | [285] | Aedes aegypti (Diptera) | LC50 = 0.025 mg L-1 | Suspension concentrate formulation of SPI; 24h lethal concentration for third and fourth instars |
| Darriet & Corbel (2006) | [283] | Aedes aegypti (Diptera) | LC50 = 0.055 mg L-1 LC95 = 0.200 mg L-1 |
Larval mortality |
| Antonio et al. (2009) | [352] | Aedes aegypti (Diptera) | LC50 = 0.06 mg L-1 | late third instars, wild population |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Chironomus riparius (midge) | 25 d NOEC = 0.002 mg L-1 | 25-d, OECD 219 (20 ± 0.5°C); Chronic toxicity, static |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Chironomus riparius (midge) | NOEC = 0.375 µg L-1 | Chronic toxicity |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Crassostrea virginica (Eastern Oyster) | 96 h EC50 = 0.3 mg L-1 | 96-h |
| ALGAE AND PLANTS | ||||
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Navicula pelliculosa (Freshwater green algae) | 120 h EC50 = 0.079 mg L-1 | 120 h, FIFRA 123-2 & OECD 201 (22 ± 1°C); Static water |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Navicula pelliculosa (Freshwater green algae) | 120 h EC50 = 0.35 mg L-1 | 120 h, OECD 201 (22 ± 1°C); Static water; formulation 480SC |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Anabaena flos-aquae (Blue green algae) | 120 h EC50 = 6.1 mg L-1 | 120 h, FIFRA 123-2 & OECD 201 (24 ± 2°C); Static water |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) | 72 h EC50 = 56 mg L-1 | 72-h, FIFRA 123-2 & OECD 201 (24 ± 2°C); Static water |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) | 7 d EC50 > 105.5 mg L-1 | 7-d |
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Skeletonema costatum (Marine diatom) | 5 d EC50 = 0.23 mg L-1 | 5-d |
| WHO (2008) | [293] | Lemna gibba (duckweed) | 14 d EC50 = 6.6 mg L-1 | 14-d, FIFRA 123-2 & OECD 221 (25.3 ± 0.15°C); Static water |
| MICRO-ORGANISMS | ||||
| [Dow AgroSciences] (2010) | [308] | Micro-organisms | Soil: no effect at 7 mg L-1 Sewage: no effect at 100 mg L-1 |