Table 4.
Sociodemographic and clinical correlates and health indicators of depressive subtypes in adults (values in parentheses are standard errors)
| Class 1 Moderate | Class 2 Moderate typical | Class 3 Severe typical | Class 4 Atypical | χ2/F-test P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted % (s.e.) | 14.6 (1.3) | 24.8 (1.5) | 44.9 (1.8) | 15.6 (1.3) | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Female, % | 51.9 (4.0) | 57.5 (3.6) | 66.5 (3.0) | 79.4 (3.6) | <0.0001a,b,d,e,f |
| Age, years: % | |||||
| 18–29 | 37.4 (5.3) | 31.5 (3.6) | 24.8 (2.5) | 26.0 (3.9) | 0.08 |
| 30–44 | 36.7 (4.8) | 34.1 (3.8) | 38.3 (3.3) | 38.8 (4.8) | |
| 45–59 | 16.4 (3.0) | 23.2 (3.2) | 39.4 (3.0) | 30.1 (3.7) | |
| ≥60 | 9.5 (2.4) | 11.2 (2.5) | 7.7 (1.6) | 5.1 (2.1) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Number of symptoms, mean | 6.3 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.1) | 9.0 (0.1) | 7.9 (0.2) | <0.0001g |
| MDD severity (QIDS score), mean | 14.3 (0.4) | 13.6 (0.3) | 16.2 (0.2) | 16.3 (0.3) | <0.0001b,c,d,e |
| Number of episodes, % | 0.015a,c,e | ||||
| 0–1 | 9.5 (3.0) | 23.0 (3.2) | 15.2 (2.5) | 12.0 (3.0) | |
| 2–5 | 45.1 (5.9) | 49.3 (3.7) | 37.5 (4.1) | 41.9 (6.8) | |
| >5 | 45.4 (6.4) | 27.7 (3.6) | 47.3 (4.8) | 46.0 (7.0) | |
| Age at onset (<12 years), % | 18.9 (3.5) | 31.8 (2.7) | 25.6 (4.5) | 20.8 (3.3) | 0.016b,c |
| Family history of MDD, % | 16.7 (3.9) | 23.3 (3.8) | 30.1 (3.1) | 23.0 (5.4) | 0.12 |
| Family history of mania, % | 13.9 (3.4) | 19.6 (3.0) | 29.2 (3.2) | 21.8 (5.5) | 0.03b |
| Treatment (past years), % | |||||
| Any healthcare | 48.6 (4.7) | 40.7 (3.9) | 58.5 (2.6) | 60.1 (5.5) | 0.0009e |
| Any mental healthcare | 35.9 (5.1) | 24.1 (2.7) | 40.9 (2.3) | 32.3 (3.4) | 0.0006c,f |
| Comorbid psychiatric disorders (past year), % | |||||
| Mania | 3.5 (1.7) | 1.1 (0.8) | 3.7 (0.9) | 7.0 (2.4) | 0.054 |
| Hypomania | 5.6 (2.1) | 7.3 (2.2) | 13.3 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.0) | 0.013b,c,f |
| Dysthymia | 23.4 (4.6) | 17.5 (2.5) | 29.8 (2.5) | 27.2 (3.5) | 0.011c |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | 22.4 (4.1) | 21.2 (4.0) | 27.3 (2.5) | 23.8 (4.0) | 0.55 |
| Panic disorder | 8.0 (2.6) | 12.4 (3.9) | 18.7 (2.9) | 12.5 (2.7) | 0.11 |
| Social phobia | 30.5 (5.5) | 15.5 (2.4) | 34.0 (2.8) | 27.8 (5.0) | 0.0014c |
| Agoraphobia | 3.0 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) | 6.4 (2.6) | 0.0027b,c |
| Specific phobia | 16.7 (3.6) | 18.6 (3.2) | 37.9 (3.4) | 26.4 (4.6) | <0.0001a,b,c |
| Substance use disorder | 9.6 (2.7) | 8.4 (1.8) | 13.3 (2.3) | 8.1 (2.8) | 0.20 |
| Any binge eating disorder | 2.7 (1.9) | 1.0 (0.6) | 3.7 (1.1) | 4.7 (1.7) | 0.24 |
| Functional and health indicators | |||||
| WHO-DAS Functioning, mean | 7.7 (0.8) | 7.9 (1.4) | 13.9 (0.8) | 9.0 (1.4) | <0.0001b,c,f |
| Sheehan Disability Scale (% severe/very severe), mean | 59.9 (5.4) | 56.2 (4.4) | 74.3 (3.3) | 67.2 (5.3) | 0.003c |
| Body mass index, kg/m2: mean | 26.7 (0.6) | 26.7 (0.6) | 27.4 (0.4) | 30.1 (0.6) | <0.0001d,e,f |
| Chronic diseases, % | |||||
| Heart attack | 3.2 (1.6) | 1.2 (0.9) | 6.1 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.8) | 0.09 |
| Heart disease | 7.0 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.4) | 7.2 (2.7) | 0.32 |
| High blood pressure | 28.7 (5.2) | 19.4 (2.9) | 28.4 (2.9) | 28.5 (4.6) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes | 3.9 (1.5) | 6.7 (2.2) | 8.9 (1.9) | 5.8 (2.2) | 0.27 |
| Migraine | 10.5 (3.3) | 11.9 (2.6) | 19.2 (3.1) | 16.2 (3.6) | 0.08 |
| Other headache | 27.4 (5.2) | 31.0 (2.9) | 34.5 (2.7) | 37.1 (4.3) | 0.35 |
MDD, major depressive disorder; QIDS, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; WHO-DAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule.
a
Class 1 significantly different from class 2, P < 0.05.
b
Class 1 significantly different from class 3, P < 0.05.
c
Class 2 significantly different from class 3, P < 0.05.
d
Class 4 significantly different from class 1, P < 0.05.
e
Class 4 significantly different from class 2, P < 0.05.
f
Class 4 significantly different from class 3, P < 0.05.
g
All classes significantly different, P < 0.05.