Table 1.

Group means and SDS for outcomes, difference scores (change in treatment values), and effect size estimates.

Outcome of interest	Arm	Means ± SD			ES	P °
		Baseline	Post-treatment	Change from baseline
Salivary cortisol (ug/dL)1		.257 ± 1.1
	R		.157 ± .09	−0.10∗	−.13
	M		.209 ± .08	−0.05∗	−.10	0.23
Positive affect2		1.58 ± 0.93
	R		2.25 ± 0.9	+0.67∗	+.73
	M		1.94 ± 1.0	+0.36∗	+.30	0.16
Negative affect3		1.17 ± .95
	R		.823 ± .72	−0.35∗	−.42
	M		.941 ± .82	−0.23∗	−.30	0.16
Pain4		2.29 ± 1.2
	R		2.00 ± .79	−0.29∗	−.35
	M		1.58 ± 1.2	−0.71∗	−.77	0.22

¹Higher score: higher physiologic stress.

²Higher score: higher positive affect.

^³Higher score: worse negative affect.

⁴Higher score: higher observed pain

R: Reflexology, M: Swedish Massage; SD: standard deviation; ES: standardized effect sizes.

°t-test comparing Reflexology and Swedish Massage Conditions.

^∗Indicates paired t-test results demonstrating significant change from baseline (P < .05).