Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the participants
| Variables | Females | Males | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 274 | 285 | |
| Age (yr) | 16.1 ± 1.2 | 16.2 ± 1.2 | 0.82 |
| Race (White/Black)b | 152/122 | 155/130 | 0.79 |
| Tanner stage (1–5) | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.39 |
| BMI percentile | 61.9 ± 27.2 | 69.7 ± 15.4 | 0.81 |
| FFST mass (kg) | 39.6 ± 5.5 | 52.9 ± 8.8 | <0.01 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 18.7 ± 9.2 | 13.2 ± 9.2 | <0.01 |
| VAT (cm3) | 104.9 ± 59.2 | 87.9 ± 62.1 | <0.01 |
| Leptin (ng/ml)c | 17.4 ± 13.3 | 6.1 ± 8.3 | <0.01 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml)c | 9.7 ± 5.5 | 7.7 ± 4.6 | <0.01 |
| Resistin (ng/ml)c | 12.6 ± 5.9 | 11.2 ± 6.1 | <0.01 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/liter)c | 1.3 ± 2.9 | 0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.07 |
| Fibrinogen (g/liter) | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | <0.01 |
| Moderate + vigorous PA (min/d) | 33.4 ± 21.6 | 52.7 ± 31.9 | <0.01 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1650 ± 498 | 2223 ± 592 | <0.01 |
| Dietary fat | |||
| g/d | 61.2 ± 21.6 | 83.2 ± 25.3 | <0.01 |
| % kcal | 33.1 ± 4.9 | 33.6 ± 4.5 | 0.26 |
| Dietary carbohydrate | |||
| g/d | 224.5 ± 71.6 | 293.5 ± 84.9 | <0.01 |
| % kcal | 54.4 ± 6.5 | 52.8 ± 6.0 | 0.02 |
| Dietary protein | |||
| g/d | 55.1 ± 17.7 | 79.5 ± 24.6 | <0.01 |
| % kcal | 13.5 ± 2.7 | 14.3 ± 2.6 | 0.02 |
| Dietary fiber | |||
| g/d | 9.4 ± 4.0 | 12.0 ± 4.5 | <0.01 |
| g/1000 kcal | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | <0.01 |
All values are means ± sd. BMI, Body mass index; PA, physical activity.
a
Tests of significance between groups were based on independent-samples t test.
b
Tests of significance between groups were based on the χ2 test.
c
Tests of significance between groups were based on the Mann-Whitney U test.