Table 4.
Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on gut hormones and glucose absorption: in vivo effects on humans
| Sweetener | Dose | Subjects | Biological effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acesulfame-K | 220 mg (25) | Healthy | No effect on PYY or GLP-1 |
| Acesulfame-K + sucralose in diet cola | 26 mg acesulfame-K + 46 mg sucralose (39, 40) | Healthy, T1D, T2D | Increased glucose-stimulated GLP-1 in healthy and T1D, but not T2D. No effect on insulin, glucose, GIP, or PYY |
| Aspartame | 169 mg (25) | Healthy | No effect on PYY or GLP-1 |
| Stevia | 1 g (47) | T2D | Decreased glucagon and blood glucose. No effect on GLP-1 or GIP |
| Sucralose | 41.5 mg (35) | Healthy | No effect on PYY or GLP-1 |
| 62 mg (25) | Healthy | No effect on PYY or GLP-1 | |
| 80 and 800 mg (37) | Healthy | No effect on GIP or GLP-1 | |
| 960 mg (41) | Healthy | No effect on glucose-stimulated GLP-1 or glucose absorption rate | |
| 85 mg (36) | Healthy | No effect on ghrelin, glucagon, insulin, or glucose | |
| 60 mg (42) | Healthy | No effect on mixed-meal stimulated GLP-1, GIP |
Measurable biological effects are italicized. NCI-H716 is a human L cell line; GLUTag is a mouse enteroendocrine cell line; MIN6 is a mouse insulinoma (β-cell) line. T1D, Type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.