Fig. 1.
Power of five meta-analysis strategies (genome-wide significance threshold of P = 10−8) for the detection of association with a causal variant (50% allele frequency) as a function of the allelic effect, βM, in males. The four panels correspond to different models of female-specific allelic effects, summarized in Table I: (A) homogeneity across males and females (βF = βM); (B) no effect in females (βF = 0); (C) heterogeneity between males and females in the same direction (βF = 2βM); and (D) heterogeneity between males and females in the opposite direction (βF = −βM). Power is estimated over 10,000 replicates of meta-analysis of 10 GWAS of 1,000 males and 1,000 females. GWAS, genome-wide association studies.