Fig. 1.

An example trial sequence showing a valid cue. Placeholders were presented for 1000 ms when TMS was applied 200 or 150 ms (i.e. 0 or 50 ms after cue onset) before target onset. When TMS was applied 950 or 350 ms before target onset (i.e. 750 or 150 ms before cue onset), the placeholders were presented for 1750 or 1150 ms, respectively. The cue consisted of the brightening of one of the placeholders for one refresh rate. Two hundred milliseconds after cue onset, the target, a small horizontal or vertical line, was presented for 80 ms. Participants responded to the line orientation of the target.